ANKLE FRACTURES (GENERAL)

CLASSIC

• Changes in Tibiotalar Area of Contact Caused by Lateral Talar Shift.  Author: Ramsey PL, Hamilton W.  J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1976;58(3):3567.  
• Functional Outcome of Surgery for Fractures of the Ankle. A Prospective, Randomised Comparison of Management in a Cast or a Functional Brace. Egol KA, Dolan R, Koval KJ. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2000 Mar;82(2):246-9.
• Competence of the Deltoid Ligament in Bimalleolar Ankle Fractures After Medial Malleolar Fixation. Tornetta P 3rd. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2000 Jun;82(6):843-8.
• Ankle Fractures Resulting from Rotational Injuries. Michelson JD. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2003 Nov-Dec;11(6):403-12.

CURRENT EVIDENCE

• Early Mobilization in a Removable Cast Compared with Immobilization in a Cast After Operative Treatment of Ankle Fractures: A Prospective Randomized Study. Vioreanu M, Dudeney S, Hurson B, Kelly E, O'Rourke K, Quinlan W. Foot Ankle Int. 2007 Jan;28(1):13-9.
• Functional Outcome and Limitation of Sporting Activities After Bimalleolar and Trimalleolar Ankle Fractures. Hong CC, Roy SP, Nashi N, Tan KJ. Foot Ankle Int. 2013 Jun;34(6):805-10.
• Compression Stockings in the Management of Fractures of the Ankle: A Randomised Controlled Trial. Sultan MJ, Zhing T, Morris J, Kurdy N, McCollum CN. Bone Joint J. 2014 Aug;96-B(8):1062-9.
• The Use of Gravity or Manual-Stress Radiographs in the Assessment of Supination-External Rotation Fractures of the Ankle. Schock HJ, Pinzur M, Manion L, Stover M. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2007 Aug;89(8):1055-9.
• Early Weightbearing and Range of Motion Versus Non-Weightbearing and Immobilization After Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Unstable Ankle Fractures: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Dehghan N, McKee MD, Jenkinson RJ, Schemitsch EH, Stas V, Nauth A, Hall JA, Stephen DJ, Kreder HJ. J Orthop Trauma. 2016 Jul;30(7):345-52
• The Anatomy and Function of the Individual Bands of the Deltoid Ligament-and Implications for Stability Assessment of SER Ankle Fractures. Gregersen MG, Fagerhaug Dalen A, Nilsen F, Molund M. Foot Ankle Orthop. 2022 Jun 14;7(2):24730114221104078.
• Does a Positive Ankle Stress Test Indicate the Need for Operative Treatment After Lateral Malleolus Fracture? A Preliminary Report. Koval KJ, Egol KA, Cheung Y, Goodwin DW, Spratt KF. J Orthop Trauma. 2007 Aug;21(7):449-55.
• Conservative Treatment of Isolated Fractures of the Medial Malleolus. Herscovici D Jr, Scaduto JM, Infante A. Conservative treatment of isolated fractures of the medial malleolus. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2007 Jan;89(1):89-93.
• Competence of the Deltoid Ligament in Bimalleolar Ankle Fractures After Medial Malleolar Fixation. Tornetta P 3rd. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2000 Jun;82(6):843-8.
• The Use of Gravity or Manual-Stress Radiographs in the Assessment of Supination-External Rotation Fractures of the Ankle. Schock HJ, Pinzur M, Manion L, Stover M. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2007 Aug;89(8):1055-9.
• Early Weightbearing and Range of Motion Versus Non-Weightbearing and Immobilization After Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Unstable Ankle Fractures: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Dehghan N, McKee MD, Jenkinson RJ, Schemitsch EH, Stas V, Nauth A, Hall JA, Stephen DJ, Kreder HJ. J Orthop Trauma. 2016 Jul;30(7):345-52.
• Single-Screw Fixation Compared With Double Screw Fixation for Treatment of Medial Malleolar Fractures: A Prospective Randomized Trial. Buckley R, Kwek E, Duffy P, Korley R, Puloski S, Buckley A, Martin R, Rydberg Moller E, Schneider P. J Orthop Trauma. 2018 Nov;32(11):548-553.
• Lag Screw Fixation of Medial Malleolar Fractures: A Biomechanical, Radiographic, and Clinical Comparison of Unicortical Partially Threaded Lag Screws and Bicortical Fully Threaded Lag Screws. Ricci WM, Tornetta P, Borrelli J Jr. J Orthop Trauma. 2012 Oct;26(10):602-6.

ANKLE FRACTURES (SUPINATION-EXTERNAL ROTATION)

CLASSIC

• Stress examination of supination external rotation-type fibular fractures. McConnell T, Creevy W, Tornetta P 3rd. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004 Oct;86(10):2171-8.

CURRENT EVIDENCE

• Systematic Review of Stress Radiographic Modalities Stability Assessment in Supination External Rotation Ankle Fractures.Yousaf S, Saleh A, Ahluwalia A, Haleem S, Hayat Z, Ramesh P. Foot Ankle Orthop. 2019 Dec 20;4(4):2473011419890861. 
• Twenty-One-Year Follow-Up of Supination-External Rotation Type II-IV (OTA Type B) Ankle Fractures: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Donken CC, Verhofstad MH, Edwards MJ, van Laarhoven CJ. J Orthop Trauma. 2012 Aug;26(8):e108-14.
• Intraoperative Assessment of the Stability of the Distal Tibiofibular Joint in Supination-External Rotation Injuries of the Ankle: Sensitivity, Specificity, and Reliability of Two Clinical Tests. Pakarinen H, Flinkkilä T, Ohtonen P, Hyvönen P, Lakovaara M, Leppilahti J, Ristiniemi J. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2011 Nov 16;93(22):2057-61. 
• Operative Versus Nonoperative Treatment of Unstable Lateral Malleolar Fractures: A Randomized Multicenter Trial. Sanders DW, Tieszer C, Corbett B; Canadian Orthopedic Trauma Society. J Orthop Trauma. 2012 Mar;26(3):129-34. 
• Does Medial Tenderness Predict Deep Deltoid Ligament Incompetence in Supination-External Rotation Type Ankle Fractures? DeAngelis NA, Eskander MS, French BG. J Orthop Trauma. 2007 Apr;21(4):244-7. 

ANKLE FRACTURES (SUPINATION-ADDUCTION)

CURRENT EVIDENCE

• Supination Adduction Ankle Fractures: Ankle Fracture or Pilon Variant? Haller JM, Ross H, Jacobson K, Ou Z, Rothberg D, Githens M. Injury. 2020 Mar;51(3):759-763. 
• Marginal Plafond Impaction in Association With Supination-Adduction Ankle Fractures: A Report of Eight Cases. McConnell T, Tornetta P 3rd. J Orthop Trauma. 2001 Aug;15(6):447-9.
• Radiographic Detection of Marginal Impaction in Supination-Adduction Ankle Fractures. lluri RK, Hill JR, Donohoe S, Fleming M, Tan E, Marecek G. Foot Ankle Int. 2017 Sep;38(9):1005-1010.
• Plafond Malreduction and Talar Dome Impaction Accelerates Arthrosis After Supination-Adduction Ankle Fracture. Githens MF, DeBaun MR, Jacobsen KA, Ross H, Firoozabadi R, Haller J. Foot Ankle Int. 2021 Oct;42(10):1245-1253.

ANKLE FRACTURES (PRONATION-EXTERNAL ROTATION)

CLASSIC

• Long-term results of pronation-external rotation ankle fracture-dislocations treated with anatomical open reduction, internal fixation Stiehl JB, Schwartz HS. J Orthop Trauma.1990;4(3):339-45.

CURRENT EVIDENCE

• Long-Term Outcome of Pronation-External Rotation Ankle Fractures Treated With Syndesmotic Screws Only. Lambers KT, van den Bekerom MP, Doornberg JN, Stufkens SA, van Dijk CN, Kloen P. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013 Sep 4;95(17):e1221-7.
• Twenty-Two-Year Follow-Up of Pronation External Rotation Type III-IV (OTA Type C) Ankle Fractures: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Donken CC, Verhofstad MH, Edwards MJ, van Laarhoven CJ. J Orthop Trauma. 2012 Aug;26(8):e115-22.
• Comparison of Clinical Outcome of Pronation External Rotation Versus Supination External Rotation Ankle Fractures. Schottel PC, Berkes MB, Little MT, Garner MR, Fabricant PD, Lazaro LE, Helfet DL, Lorich DG. Foot Ankle Int. 2014 Apr;35(4):353-9.

ANKLE FRACTURES (PRONATION-ABDUCTION)

CURRENT EVIDENCE

• Extraperiosteal Plating of Pronation-Abduction Ankle Fractures. Surgical Technique. Siegel J, Tornetta P 3rd. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008 Mar;90 Suppl 2 Pt 1:135-44.
• Surgical Site Complications in Open Pronation-Abduction Ankle Fracture-Dislocations With Medial Tension Failure Wounds. Martin CW, Ryan JC, Bullock TS, Cabot JH, Makhani AA, Griffin LP, Zelle BA. J Orthop Trauma. 2021 Dec 1;35(12):e481-e485. 

TRIMALLEOLAR ANKLE FRACTURE

CLASSIC

• Trimalleolar Ankle Fracture. Tornetta P 3rd, Ostrum RF, Trafton PG. Trimalleolar ankle fracture. J Orthop Trauma. 2001 Nov;15(8):588-90.

CURRENT EVIDENCE

• Fixation of Posterior Malleolar Fractures Provides Greater Syndesmotic Stability. Gardner MJ, Brodsky A, Briggs SM, Nielson JH, Lorich DG. Fixation of posterior malleolar fractures provides greater syndesmotic stability. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006 Jun;447:165-71.

SYNDESMOSIS

CURRENT EVIDENCE

• The Functional Consequence of Syndesmotic Joint Malreduction at a Minimum 2-Year Follow-Up. Sagi HC, Shah AR, Sanders RW. J Orthop Trauma. 2012 Jul;26(7):439-43. 
• Does Syndesmotic Injury Have a Negative Effect on Functional Outcome? A Multicenter Prospective Evaluation. Litrenta J, Saper D, Tornetta P 3rd, Phieffer L, Jones CB, Mullis BH, Egol K, Collinge C, Leighton RK, Ertl W, Ricci WM, Teague D, Ertl JP. J Orthop Trauma. 2015 Sep;29(9):410-3.
• Technical Considerations in the Treatment of Syndesmotic Injuries Associated With Ankle Fractures. Gardner MJ, Graves ML, Higgins TF, Nork SE. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2015 Aug;23(8):510-8.
• Syndesmotic Instability in Weber B Ankle Fractures: A Clinical Evaluation. Stark E, Tornetta P 3rd, Creevy WR. Syndesmotic instability in Weber B ankle fractures: a clinical evaluation. J Orthop Trauma. 2007 Oct;21(9):643-6. 
• High-Energy Transsyndesmotic Ankle Fracture Dislocation–the “Logsplitter” Injury. Bible JE, Sivasubramaniam PG, Jahangir AA, Evans JM, Mir HR. J Orthop Trauma. 2014 Apr;28(4):200-4.
• Functional Outcome of Routine Versus On-Demand Removal of the Syndesmotic Screw: A Multicentre Randomized Controlled Trial. Sanders FRK, Birnie MF, Dingemans SA, van den Bekerom MPJ, Parkkinen M, van Veen RN; RODEO collaborator group; Goslings JC, Schepers T. Bone Joint J. 2021 Nov;103-B(11):1709-1716. 
• No Difference in Functional and Radiographic Results 8.4 Years After Quadricortical Compared With Tricortical Syndesmosis Fixation in Ankle Fractures. Wikerøy AK, Høiness PR, Andreassen GS, Hellund JC, Madsen JE. J Orthop Trauma. 2010 Jan;24(1):17-23. 
• Tricortical Versus Quadricortical Syndesmosis Fixation in Ankle Fractures: A Prospective, Randomized Study Comparing Two Methods of Syndesmosis Fixation. Høiness P, Strømsøe K. J Orthop Trauma. 2004 Jul;18(6):331-7.  
• A Prospective Randomised Study Comparing TightRope and Syndesmotic Screw Fixation for Accuracy and Maintenance of Syndesmotic Reduction Assessed With Bilateral Computed Tomography. Kortekangas T, Savola O, Flinkkilä T, Lepojärvi S, Nortunen S, Ohtonen P, Katisko J, Pakarinen H. Injury. 2015;46(6):1119-26. 
• Comparison of Suture Button and Syndesmotic Screw for Ankle Syndesmotic Injuries: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Xu B, Wang S, Tan J, Chen W, Tang KL. Orthop J Sports Med. 2023 Jan 5;11(1):23259671221127665. 
• Improved Reduction of the Tibiofibular Syndesmosis With TightRope Compared With Screw Fixation: Results of a Randomized Controlled Study. Sanders D, Schneider P, Taylor M, Tieszer C, Lawendy AR; Canadian Orthopaedic Trauma Society;. J Orthop Trauma. 2019 Nov;33(11):531-537. 

ANKLE SPRAINS

CURRENT EVIDENCE

• Treatment of Acute Ankle Ligament Injuries: A Systematic Review. Petersen W, Rembitzki IV, Koppenburg AG, Ellermann A, Liebau C, Brüggemann GP, Best R. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2013 Aug;133(8):1129-41. 
• Mechanical Supports for Acute, Severe Ankle Sprain: A Pragmatic, Multicentre, Randomised Controlled Trial. Lamb SE, Marsh JL, Hutton JL, Nakash R, Cooke MW; Collaborative Ankle Support Trial (CAST Group). Lancet. 2009 Feb 14;373(9663):575-81.
• Elastic Stockings or Tubigrip for Ankle Sprain: A Randomised Clinical Trial. Sultan MJ, McKeown A, McLaughlin I, Kurdy N, McCollum CN. Injury. 2012 Jul;43(7):1079-83. 
• Treatment of Severe Ankle Sprain: A Pragmatic Randomised Controlled Trial Comparing the Clinical Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness of Three Types of Mechanical Ankle Support With Tubular Bandage. The CAST Trial. Cooke MW, Marsh JL, Clark M, Nakash R, Jarvis RM, Hutton JL, Szczepura A, Wilson S, Lamb SE; CAST trial group. Health Technol Assess. 2009 Feb;13(13):iii, ix-x, 1-121.

ANKLE FRACTURES IN DIABETICS

CLASSIC

• The Influence of Diabetes Mellitus on the Healing of Closed Fractures. Loder RT. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1988 Jul;(232):210-6.
• Ankle Fractures in Diabetics. Complications of Surgical Management. McCormack RG, Leith JM. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1998 Jul;80(4):689-92. 
• Effects of Diabetes Mellitus on Functional Outcomes and Complications After Torsional Ankle Fracture. Schmidt T, Simske NM, Audet MA, Benedick A, Kim CY, Vallier HA. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2020 Aug 15;28(16):661-670.

CURRENT EVIDENCE

• Operative Management of Ankle Fractures in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus. Costigan W, Thordarson DB, Debnath UK. Foot Ankle Int. 2007 Jan;28(1):32-7. 
• Nonoperative Versus Operative Treatment of Displaced Ankle Fractures in Diabetics. Lovy AJ, Dowdell J, Keswani A, Koehler S, Kim J, Weinfeld S, Joseph D. Foot Ankle Int. 2017 Mar;38(3):255-260.