These articles have been recommended as excellent sources of educational information. The permission of each varies.

DISTAL FEMUR FRACTURES

CLASSIC

• Biomechanical Evaluation of the Less Invasive Stabilization System, Angled Blade Plate, and Retrograde Intramedullary Nail for the Internal Fixation of Distal Femur Fractures. Author: Michael Zlowodzki, MD,* Scott Williamson, BS,† Peter A. Cole, MD,* Lyle D. Zardiackas, PhD,& Philip J. Kregor Journal: JOT Volume: Vol. 18, No. 8, Sept 2004

• The Results of Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Distal Femur Fractures Using a Biologic (Indirect) Reduction Technique. Author: Bolhofner, Brett R.*; Carmen, Barbara; Clifford, Philip† Journal: JOT Volume: Vol. 10, No. 6, Aug 1996, pp 372-377

CURRENT EVIDENCE

• Medial Submuscular Plating of the Distal Femur. Neiman R, Finkemeier CG. J Orthop Trauma. 2021 Aug 1;35(Suppl 2):S28-S29. 
• Axial and Rotational Malreduction (Golf Club Deformity) in Distal Femur Fractures. Lowe J, Alhandi A, Manoharan A, Ouellette E, Kaimrajh D, Milne E, Latta L. J Orthop Trauma. 2022 Oct 1;36(10):515-518. 
• Operative Treatment of Acute Distal Femur Fractures: Systematic Review of 2 Comparative Studies and 45 Case Series (1989 to 2005).  Author: Michael Zlowodzki, MD, Mohit Bhandari, MD, MSc, Daniel J. Marek, MD, Peter A. Cole, MD, and Philip J. Kregor, MD Journal: JOT Volume: Vol. 20, No. 5, May 2006
• Risk Factors for Failure of Locked Plate Fixation of Distal Femur Fractures: An Analysis of 335 Cases.  Author: Ricci WM, Streubel PN, Morshed S, Collinge CA, Nork, SE, Gardner M.   J Orthop Trauma. 2014;28(2):83-89.
• Management of distal femur fractures with modern plates and nails: state of the art. Author: Beltran MJ, Gary JL, Collinge CA. J Orthop Trauma. 2015 Apr;29(4):165-72.
   
• Coronal plane partial articular fractures of the distal femoral condyle: current concepts in management. Author: Arastu MH, Kokke MC, Duffy PJ, et al. Bone Joint J. 2013 Sep;95-B(9):1165-71.
   
• Systematic Review of the Treatment of Periprosthetic Distal Femur Fractures.  Author: Ristevski B, Nauth A, Williams DS, et al.  J Orthop Trauma;28(5):307-312.
• Treatment of Distal Femur Fractures Using the Less Invasive Stabilization System: Surgical Experience and Early Clinical Results in 103 Fractures. Kregor PJ, Stannard JA, Zlowodzki M, Cole PA. J Orthop Trauma. 2004 Sep;18(8):509-20.
  
  
• Intra-Articular Fractures of the Distal Femur: A Long-Term Follow-Up Study of Surgically Treated Patients. Rademakers MV, Kerkhoffs GM, Sierevelt IN, Raaymakers EL, Marti RK. J Orthop Trauma. 2004 Apr;18(4):213-9.

ATYPICAL FEMUR FRACTURES / NON-UNION

CLASSIC

• Exchange Nailing of Ununited Fractures. Brinker MR, O'Connor DP. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007 Jan;89(1):177-88.

CURRENT EVIDENCE

• Factors Associated with Increased Healing Time in Complete Femoral Fractures After Long-Term Bisphosphonate Therapy. Lim HS, Kim CK, Park YS, Moon YW, Lim SJ, Kim SM. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2016 Dec 7;98(23):1978-1987.
• Bisphosphonate-Associated Fractures of the Femur: Pathophysiology and Treatment. Einhorn TA, Bogdan Y, Tornetta P 3rd. Bisphosphonate-associated fractures of the femur: pathophysiology and treatment. J Orthop Trauma. 2014 Jul;28(7):433-8.
• Surgical Treatment Improves Clinical and Functional Outcomes for Patients Who Sustain Incomplete Bisphosphonate-Related Femur Fractures. Egol KA, Park JH, Prensky C, Rosenberg ZS, Peck V, Tejwani NC. J Orthop Trauma. 2013 Jun;27(6):331-5.
• Bisphosphonate-Associated Femur Fractures Have High Complication Rates With Operative Fixation. Prasarn ML, Ahn J, Helfet DL, Lane JM, Lorich DG. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2012 Aug;470(8):2295-301.
• Healing Time and Complications in Operatively Treated Atypical Femur Fractures Associated With Bisphosphonate Use: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort. Bogdan Y, Tornetta P 3rd, Einhorn TA, Guy P, Leveille L, Robinson J, Bosse MJ, Haines N, Horwitz D, Jones C, Schemitsch E, Sagi C, Thomas B, Stahl D, Ricci W, Brady M, Sanders D, Kain M, Higgins TF, Collinge C, Kottmeier S, Friess D. J Orthop Trauma. 2016 Apr;30(4):177-81.
• Atypical Femoral Fractures Related to Bisphosphonate Treatment: Issues and Controversies Related to Their Surgical Management. Koh A, Guerado E, Giannoudis PV. Bone Joint J. 2017 Mar;99-B(3):295-302.
• Trochanteric Versus Piriformis Entry Portal for the Treatment of Femoral Shaft Fractures. Ricci WM, Schwappach J, Tucker M, Coupe K, Brandt A, Sanders R, Leighton R. J Orthop Trauma. 2006 Nov-Dec;20(10):663-7.
• Does the Watson-Jones or Modified Smith-Petersen Approach Provide Superior Exposure for Femoral Neck Fracture Fixation? Lichstein PM, Kleimeyer JP, Githens M, Vorhies JS, Gardner MJ, Bellino M, Bishop J. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2018 Jul;476(7):1468-1476.

FEMORAL SHAFT FRACTURES

CLASSIC

• Conversion of External Fixation to Intramedullary Nailing for Fractures of the Shaft of the Femur in Multiply Injured Patients. Nowotarski PJ, Turen CH, Brumback RJ, Scarboro JM. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2000 Jun;82(6):781-8.
  

• Treatment of Femoral Fractures in the Multiply Injured Patient With Thoracic Injury. Bone LB, Anders MJ, Rohrbacher BJ. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1998 Feb;(347):57-61.

• Early Versus Delayed Stabilization of Femoral Fractures. A Prospective Randomized Study. Bone LB, Johnson KD, Weigelt J, Scheinberg R. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1989 Mar;71(3):336-40.

• Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Pneumonia, and Mortality Following Thoracic Injury and a Femoral Fracture Treated Either With Intramedullary Nailing With Reaming or With a Plate. A Comparative Study. Bosse MJ, MacKenzie EJ, Riemer BL, Brumback RJ, McCarthy ML, Burgess AR, Gens DR, Yasui Y. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1997 Jun;79(6):799-809.

• Fat Embolism: the Reaming Controversy. Giannoudis PV, Tzioupis C, Pape HC. Injury. 2006 Oct;37 Suppl 4:S50-8. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2006.08.040. Erratum in: Injury. 2007 Oct;38(10):1224.

• Prospective Comparison of Retrograde and Antegrade Femoral Intramedullary Nailing. Ostrum RF, Agarwal A, Lakatos R, Poka A. J Orthop Trauma. 2000 Sep Oct;14(7):496-501.

• Closed Intramedullary Nailing of Femoral Fractures: A Report of Five Hundred and Twenty Cases. Winquist RA, Hansen ST Jr, Clawson DK. Closed intramedullary nailing of femoral fractures. A report of five hundred and twenty cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1984 Apr;66(4):529-39.

• Intramedullary Nailing of Open Fractures of the Femoral Shaft. Brumback RJ, Ellison PS Jr, Poka A, Lakatos R, Bathon GH, Burgess AR. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1989 Oct;71(9):1324-31.

CURRENT EVIDENCE

• In-Hospital Morbidity and Mortality With Delays in Femoral Shaft Fracture Fixation. Obey MR, Clever DC, Bechtold DA, Stwalley D, McAndrew CM, Berkes MB, Wolinsky PR, Miller AN. J Orthop Trauma. 2022 May 1;36(5):239-245.

• Impact of Intramedullary Instrumentation versus Damage Control for Femoral Fractures on Immunoinflammatory Parameters: Prospective Randomized Analysis by the EPOFF Study Group. Pape HC, Grimme K, Van Griensven M, Sott AH, Giannoudis P, Morley J, Roise O, Ellingsen E, Hildebrand F, Wiese B, Krettek C; J Trauma. 2003 Jul;55(1):7-13.

• Reamed Versus Unreamed Intramedullary Nailing of the Femur: Comparison of the Rate of ARDS in Multiple Injured Patients. Canadian Orthopaedic Trauma Society. J Orthop Trauma. 2006 Jul;20(6):384-7.

• Risk of Mortality: The Relationship With Associated Injuries and Fracture Treatment Methods in Patients With Unilateral or Bilateral Femoral Shaft Fractures. Willett K, Al-Khateeb H, Kotnis R, Bouamra O, Lecky F. J Trauma. 2010 Aug;69(2):405-10.

• Mortality After Reamed Intramedullary Nailing of Bilateral Femur Fractures. Nork SE, Agel J, Russell GV, Mills WJ, Holt S, Routt ML Jr. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2003 Oct;(415):272-8.

• Retrograde Versus Antegrade Nailing of Femoral Shaft Fractures. Ricci WM, Bellabarba C, Evanoff B, Herscovici D, DiPasquale T, Sanders R. J Orthop Trauma. 2001 Mar-Apr;15(3):161-9.

• Trochanteric Versus Piriformis Entry Portal for the Treatment of Femoral Shaft Fractures. Ricci WM, Schwappach J, Tucker M, Coupe K, Brandt A, Sanders R, Leighton R. J Orthop Trauma. 2006 Nov-Dec;20(10):663-7.

• Diagnosis of Femoral Neck Fractures in Patients With a Femoral Shaft Fracture. Improvement With a Standard Protocol. Tornetta P 3rd, Kain MS, Creevy WR.J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007 Jan;89(1):39-43.

• Conversion of External Fixation to Intramedullary Nailing for Fractures of the Shaft of the Femur in Multiply Injured Patients. Nowotarski PJ, Turen CH, Brumback RJ, Scarboro JM. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2000 Jun;82(6):781-8.

• Use of Inherent Anteversion of an Intramedullary Nail to Avoid Malrotation in Comminuted Femur Fractures: A Prospective Case-Control Study. Vaidya R, Dimovski R, Cizmic Z, Vaidya A, Gheraibeh P, Hudson I. J Orthop Trauma. 2018 Dec;32(12):623-628.

• Reliable Method for Avoiding Malrotation Deformity After Intramedullary Nailing of Comminuted Femur Fractures: Clinical Validation of a Previously Described Technique. Sathy A, Barnwell JC, Shahrestani SN, Moore D. J Orthop Trauma. 2017 Apr;31(4):e121-e126.

• Immediate Weight-Bearing After Treatment of a Comminuted Fracture of the Femoral Shaft with a Statically Locked Intramedullary Nail. Brumback RJ, Toal TR Jr, Murphy-Zane MS, Novak VP, Belkoff SM. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1999 Nov;81(11):1538-44.

• Femur shaft fracture fixation in head-injured patients: when is the right time? Flierl MA, Stoneback JW, Beauchamp KM, Hak DJ, Morgan SJ, Smith WR, Stahel PF. J Orthop Trauma. 2010 Feb;24(2):107-14.

• Conversion of External Fixation to Intramedullary Nailing for Fractures of the Shaft of the Femur in Multiply Injured Patients. Nowotarski PJ, Turen CH, Brumback RJ, Scarboro JM. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2000 Jun;82(6):781-8.

• Effect of Nail Size, Insertion, and Δ Canal-Nail on the Development of a Nonunion After Intramedullary Nailing of Femoral Shaft Fractures. Serrano R, Mir HR, Gorman RA 2nd, Karsch J, Kim R, Shah A, Maxson B, Infante A, Watson D, Downes K, Sanders RW. J Orthop Trauma. 2019 Nov;33(11):559-563.

• Nonunion Following Intramedullary Nailing of the Femur With and Without Reaming. Results of a Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial. Canadian Orthopaedic Trauma Society. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003 Nov;85(11):2093-6.

• Intramedullary Nailing of Femoral Shaft Fractures. Part I: Decision-making Errors with Interlocking Fixation. Brumback RJ, Reilly JP, Poka A, Lakatos RP, Bathon GH, Burgess AR. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1988 Dec;70(10):1441-52.

• Intramedullary Nailing of femoral shaft fractures. Part II: Fracture-healing with static interlocking fixation. Brumback RJ, Uwagie-Ero S, Lakatos RP, Poka A, Bathon GH, Burgess AR. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1988 Dec;70(10):1453-62.

• Intramedullary Nailing of Femoral Shaft Fractures. Part III: Long-term Effects of Static Interlocking Fixation. Brumback RJ, Ellison TS, Poka A, Bathon GH, Burgess AR. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1992 Jan;74(1):106-12.

HIP FRACTURES (FEMORAL NECK)

CLASSIC

• Internal Fixation Compared With Arthroplasty for Displaced Fractures of the Femoral Neck. A Meta-Analysis. Bhandari M, Devereaux PJ, Swiontkowski MF, Tornetta P 3rd, Obremskey W, Koval KJ, Nork S, Sprague S, Schemitsch EH, Guyatt GH. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003 Sep;85(9):1673-81.
  
  
• Intracapsular Fractures of the Hip. Swiontkowski MF. Intracapsular fractures of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1994 Jan;76(1):129-38.

• The Impact of the Garden Classification on Proposed Operative. Oakes DA, Jackson KR, Davies MR, Ehrhart KM, Zohman GL, Koval KJ, Lieberman JR. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2003 Apr;(409):232-40.

• Pauwels’ Classification of Femoral Neck Fractures: Correct Interpretation of the Original. Bartonícek J. Pauwels' classification of femoral neck fractures: correct interpretation of the original. J Orthop Trauma. 2001 Jun-Jul;15(5):358-60.

• Anatomy of the Medial Femoral Circumflex Artery and Its Surgical Implications. Gautier E, Ganz K, Krügel N, Gill T, Ganz R. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2000 Jul;82(5):679-83.

• The Value of Washers in Cannulated Screw Fixation of Femoral Neck Fractures. Zlowodzki M, Weening B, Petrisor B, Bhandari M. The value of washers in cannulated screw fixation of femoral neck fractures. J Trauma. 2005 Oct;59(4):969-75.

• The Effect of Shortening and Varus Collapse of the Femoral Neck on Function After Fixation of Intracapsular Fracture of the Hip: A Multi-Centre Cohort Study. Zlowodzki M, Brink O, Switzer J, Wingerter S, Woodall J Jr, Petrisor BA, Kregor PJ, Bruinsma DR, Bhandari M. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2008 Nov;90(11):1487-94.

CURRENT EVIDENCE

• Cemented Versus Uncemented Hemiarthroplasty for Displaced Femoral Neck Fractures: 5-Year Followup of a Randomized Trial. Langslet E, Frihagen F, Opland V, Madsen JE, Nordsletten L, Figved W. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014 Apr;472(4):1291-9.

• Who, if Anyone, May Benefit From a Total Hip Arthroplasty After a Displaced Femoral Neck Fracture?: A Post Hoc Subgroup Analysis of the HEALTH Trial. Frihagen F, Comeau-Gauthier M, Axelrod D, Bzovsky S, Poolman R, Heels-Ansdell D, Bhandari M, Sprague S, Schemitsch E; HEALTH Investigators. Bone Jt Open. 2022 Aug;3(8):611-617.

• Not All Garden-I and II Femoral Neck Fractures in the Elderly Should Be Fixed: Effect of Posterior Tilt on Rates of Subsequent Arthroplasty. Okike K, Udogwu UN, Isaac M, Sprague S, Swiontkowski MF, Bhandari M, Slobogean GP; FAITH Investigators. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2019 Oct 16;101(20):1852-1859.

• Cemented Versus Uncemented Hemiarthroplasty for Displaced Intracapsular Fractures of the Hip. Parker MJ, Chatterjee R, Onsa M, Cawley S, Gurusamy K. Cemented versus uncemented hemiarthroplasty for displaced intracapsular fractures of the hip. Bone Joint J. 2023 Nov 1;105-B(11):1196-1200.

• Reduction Techniques for Young Femoral Neck Fractures. Halvorson J. J Orthop Trauma. 2019 Jan;33 Suppl 1:S12-S19.

• Open Reduction Is Associated With Greater Hazard of Early Reoperation After Internal Fixation of Displaced Femoral Neck Fractures in Adults 18-65 Years. Patterson JT, Ishii K, Tornetta P 3rd, Leighton RK, Friess DM, Jones CB, Levine A, Maclean JJ, Miclau T 3rd, Mullis BH, Obremskey WT, Ostrum RF, Reid JS, Ruder JA, Saleh A, Schmidt AH, Teague DC, Tsismenakis A, Westberg JR, Morshed S. J Orthop Trauma. 2020 Jun;34(6):294-301.

• More Re-Operations After Uncemented Than Cemented Hemiarthroplasty Used in the Treatment of Displaced Fractures of the Femoral Neck: An Observational Study of 11,116 Hemiarthroplasties From a National Register. Gjertsen JE, Lie SA, Vinje T, Engesæter LB, Hallan G, Matre K, Furnes O. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2012 Aug;94(8):1113-9.

• Femoral Neck Shortening After Hip Fracture Fixation Is Associated With Inferior Hip Function: Results From the FAITH Trial. Felton J, Slobogean GP, Jackson SS, Della Rocca GJ, Liew S, Haverlag R, Jeray KJ, Sprague SA, OʼHara NN, Swiontkowski M, Bhandari M. J Orthop Trauma. 2019 Oct;33(10):487-496.

• Total Hip Arthroplasty or Hemiarthroplasty for Hip Fracture. HEALTH Investigators; Bhandari M, Einhorn TA, Guyatt G, Schemitsch EH, Zura RD, Sprague S, Frihagen F, Guerra-Farfán E, Kleinlugtenbelt YV, Poolman RW, Rangan A, Bzovsky S, Heels-Ansdell D, Thabane L, Walter SD, Devereaux PJ. N Engl J Med. 2019 Dec 5;381(23):2199-2208.

• Unnecessary Preoperative Cardiology Evaluation and Transthoracic Echocardiogram Delays Time to Surgery for Geriatric Hip Fractures. Hoehmann CL, Thompson J, Long M, DiVella M, Munnangi S, Ruotolo C, Galos DK. J Orthop Trauma. 2021 Apr 1;35(4):205-210.

• Cost-Utility Analysis of Cemented Hemiarthroplasty Versus Hydroxyapatite-Coated Uncemented Hemiarthroplasty for the Treatment of Displaced Intracapsular Hip Fractures: The World Hip Trauma Evaluation 5 (WHiTE 5) Trial. Png ME, Petrou S, Fernandez MA, Achten J, Parsons N, McGibbon A, Gould J, Griffin XL, Costa ML; WHiTE 5 trial collaborators. Bone Joint J. 2022 Aug;104-B(8):922-928.

• Surgical Interventions for Treating Intracapsular Hip Fractures in Older Adults: A Network Meta-Analysis. Lewis SR, Macey R, Stokes J, Cook JA, Eardley WGP, Griffin XL. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2022, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD013404.

• Fixation Using Alternative Implants for the Treatment of Hip Fractures (FAITH-2): The Clinical Outcomes of a Multicenter 2 × 2 Factorial Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial in Young Femoral Neck Fracture Patients. Slobogean GP, Sprague S, Bzovsky S, Scott T, Thabane L, Heels-Ansdell D, O'Toole RV, Howe A, Gaski GE, Hill LC, Brown KM, Viskontas D, Zomar M, Della Rocca GJ, O'Hara NN, Bhandari M; FAITH-2 Investigators*. J Orthop Trauma. 2020 Oct;34(10):524-532.

• Subspecialty Fellowship Training Is Not Associated With Better Outcomes in Fixation of Low-Energy Femoral Neck Fractures-An Analysis of the Fixation Using Alternative Implants for the Treatment of Hip Fractures Database. DeAngelis RD, Stein MK, Minutillo GT, Mehta NG, Schemitsch EH, Bzovsky S, Sprague S, Bhandari M, Swiontkowski M, Donegan DJ, Mehta S; FAITH Investigators. J Orthop Trauma. 2022 Apr 1;36(4):208-212.

HIP FRACTURES (INTERTROCHANTERIC)

CLASSIC

• Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial of an Intramedullary Nail Versus Dynamic Screw and Plate for Intertrochanteric Fractures of the Femur. Adams CI, Robinson CM, Court-Brown CM, McQueen MM. J Orthop Trauma. 2001 Aug;15(6):394-400.

• Reverse Obliquity Fractures of the Intertrochanteric Region of the Femur. Haidukewych GJ, Israel TA, Berry DJ. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2001 May;83(5):643-50.

• The Value of the Tip-Apex Distance in Predicting Failure of Fixation of Peritrochanteric Fractures of the Hip. Baumgaertner MR, Curtin SL, Lindskog DM, Keggi JM. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1995 Jul;77(7):1058-64.

CURRENT EVIDENCE

• Does Early Administration of Bisphosphonate Affect Fracture Healing in Patients With Intertrochanteric Fractures? Kim TY, Ha YC, Kang BJ, Lee YK, Koo KH. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2012 Jul;94(7):956-60.

• Lateral Femoral Wall Thickness. A Reliable Predictor of Post-Operative Lateral Wall Fracture in Intertrochanteric Fractures. Hsu CE, Shih CM, Wang CC, Huang KC. Bone Joint J. 2013 Aug;95-B(8):1134-8.

• Integrity of the Lateral Femoral Wall in Intertrochanteric Hip Fractures: An Important Predictor of a Reoperation. Palm H, Jacobsen S, Sonne-Holm S, Gebuhr P; J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007 Mar;89(3):470-5.

• Gamma Nails Revisited: Gamma Nails Versus Compression Hip Screws in the Management of Intertrochanteric Fractures of the Hip: A Meta-Analysis. Bhandari M, Schemitsch E, Jönsson A, Zlowodzki M, Haidukewych GJ. J Orthop Trauma. 2009 Jul;23(6):460-4.

• Dynamic Hip Screws Versus Cephalocondylic Intramedullary Nails for Unstable Extracapsular Hip Fractures in 2021: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Trials. Raj S, Grover S, Bola H, Pradhan A, Fazal MA, Patel A. J Orthop. 2023 Jan 8;36:88-98.

• Unstable Pertrochanteric Femoral Fractures. Kregor PJ, Obremskey WT, Kreder HJ, Swiontkowski MF. J Orthop Trauma. 2014 Aug;28 Suppl 8:S25-8.

• Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial of an Intramedullary Nail Versus Dynamic Screw and Plate for Intertrochanteric Fractures of the Femur. Adams CI, Robinson CM, Court-Brown CM, McQueen MM. J Orthop Trauma. 2001 Aug;15(6):394-400.

• A Comparison of the Long Gamma Nail With the Sliding Hip Screw for the Treatment of AO/OTA 31-A2 Fractures of the Proximal Part of the Femur: A Prospective Randomized Trial. Barton TM, Gleeson R, Topliss C, Greenwood R, Harries WJ, Chesser TJ. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010 Apr;92(4):792-8.

• Intertrochanteric Fractures: Ten Tips To Improve Results. Haidukewych GJ. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009 Mar 1;91(3):712-9.
   

HIP FRACTURES (SUBTROCHANTERIC)

CLASSIC

• Subtrochanteric Fractures of the Femur. Seinsheimer F. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1978 Apr;60(3):300-6.

• Subtrochanteric Fractures of the Femur. Results of Treatment With the 95 Degrees Condylar Blade-Plate. Kinast C, Bolhofner BR, Mast JW, Ganz R. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1989 Jan;(238):122-30.

CURRENT EVIDENCE

• Biologic Plating Versus Intramedullary Nailing for Comminuted Subtrochanteric Fractures in Young Adults: A Prospective, Randomized Study of 66 Cases. Lee PC, Hsieh PH, Yu SW, Shiao CW, Kao HK, Wu CC. J Trauma. 2007 Dec;63(6):1283-91.

• Comparative Study Between Biologic Plating and Intramedullary Nailing for the Treatment of Subtrochanteric Fractures: Is Biologic Plating Using LCP-DF Superior to Intramedullary Nailing? Shin WC, Moon NH, Jang JH, Lee HJ, Suh KT. Injury. 2017 Oct;48(10):2207-2213.

• Clamp-Assisted Reduction of High Subtrochanteric Fractures of the Femur: Surgical Technique. Afsari A, Liporace F, Lindvall E, Infante A Jr, Sagi HC, Haidukewych GJ. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010 Sep;92 Suppl 1 Pt 2:217-25.
• Reducing Subtrochanteric Femur Fractures: Tips and Tricks, Do’s and Don’ts. Yoon RS, Donegan DJ, Liporace FA. J Orthop Trauma. 2015 Apr;29 Suppl 4:S28-33.

• Cephalomedullary Nails in the Treatment of High-Energy Proximal Femur Fractures in Young Patients: A Prospective, Randomized Comparison of Trochanteric Versus Piriformis Fossa Entry Portal. Starr AJ, Hay MT, Reinert CM, Borer DS, Christensen KC. J Orthop Trauma. 2006 Apr;20(4):240-6.

HIP FRACTURES (MISC)

CLASSIC

• Accelerated Bone Mineral Loss Following a Hip Fracture: A Prospective Longitudinal Study. Dirschl DR, Henderson RC, Oakley WC. Bone. 1997 Jul;21(1):79-82.

• Effect of Early Surgery After Hip Fracture on Mortality and Complications: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Simunovic N, Devereaux PJ, Sprague S, Guyatt GH, Schemitsch E, Debeer J, Bhandari M. CMAJ. 2010 Oct 19;182(15):1609-16.

• Time to Surgery Is Associated with Thirty-Day and Ninety-Day Mortality After Proximal Femoral Fracture: A Retrospective Observational Study on Prospectively Collected Data from the Danish Fracture Database Collaborators. Nyholm AM, Gromov K, Palm H, Brix M, Kallemose T, Troelsen A; Danish Fracture Database Collaborators. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2015 Aug 19;97(16):1333-9.

• Clinical Practice Guidelines Decrease Unnecessary Echocardiograms Before Hip Fracture Surgery. Adair C, Swart E, Seymour R, Patt J, Karunakar MA. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2017 Apr 19;99(8):676-680.

• Hip Fractures in the Elderly: Predictors of One Year Mortality. Aharonoff GB, Koval KJ, Skovron ML, Zuckerman JD. 1997 Apr;11(3):162-5.

• Early Mortality After Hip Fracture: Is Delay Before Surgery Important? Moran CG, Wenn RT, Sikand M, Taylor AM. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005 Mar;87(3):483-9.

CURRENT EVIDENCE

• Is There a Standard Trochanteric Entry Site for Nailing of Subtrochanteric Femur Fractures? Streubel PN, Wong AH, Ricci WM, Gardner MJ. J Orthop Trauma. 2011 Apr;25(4):202-7.

• A Critical Analysis of the Eccentric Starting Point for Trochanteric Intramedullary Femoral Nailing. Ostrum RF, Marcantonio A, Marburger R. J Orthop Trauma. 2005 Nov-Dec;19(10):681-6.

• Zoledronic Acid and Clinical Fractures and Mortality After Hip Fracture. Lyles KW, Colón-Emeric CS, Magaziner JS, Adachi JD, Pieper CF, Mautalen C, Hyldstrup L, Recknor C, Nordsletten L, Moore KA, Lavecchia C, Zhang J, Mesenbrink P, Hodgson PK, Abrams K, Orloff JJ, Horowitz Z, Eriksen EF, Boonen S; HORIZON Recurrent Fracture Trial. N Engl J Med. 2007 Nov 1;357(18):1799-809.

• Delayed Surgery Does Not Reduce Transfusion Rates in Low-Energy Hip Fractures on Direct Oral Anticoagulants. Levack AE, Moore HG, Stephan S, Jo S, Schroeder I, Garlich J, Hadad A, Little MTM, Miller AN, Lyman S, Lane J. J Orthop Trauma. 2022 Apr 1;36(4):172-178.

• The Value of T1-Weighted Coronal MRI Scans in Diagnosing Occult Fracture of the Hip. Iwata T, Nozawa S, Dohjima T, Yamamoto T, Ishimaru D, Tsugita M, Maeda M, Shimizu K. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2012 Jul;94(7):969-73.

• Liberal or Restrictive Transfusion in High-Risk Patients After Hip Surgery. Carson JL, Terrin ML, Noveck H, Sanders DW, Chaitman BR, Rhoads GG, Nemo G, Dragert K, Beaupre L, Hildebrand K, Macaulay W, Lewis C, Cook DR, Dobbin G, Zakriya KJ, Apple FS, Horney RA, Magaziner J; FOCUS Investigators. N Engl J Med. 2011 Dec 29;365(26):2453-62.

• Unnecessary Preoperative Cardiology Evaluation and Transthoracic Echocardiogram Delays Time to Surgery for Geriatric Hip Fractures. Hoehmann CL, Thompson J, Long M, DiVella M, Munnangi S, Ruotolo C, Galos DK. J Orthop Trauma. 2021 Apr 1;35(4):205-210.

• Accelerated Surgery Versus Standard Care in Hip Fracture (HIP ATTACK): An International, Randomised, Controlled Trial. HIP ATTACK Investigators. ALancet. 2020 Feb 29;395(10225):698-708.

• Fracture Fixation in the Operative Management of Hip Fractures (FAITH): An International, Multicentre, Randomised Controlled Trial. Fixation using Alternative Implants for the Treatment of Hip fractures (FAITH) Investigators. Lancet. 2017 Apr 15;389(10078):1519-1527.

• Palliative Care in the Hip Fracture Patient. Sullivan NM, Blake LE, George M, Mears SC. Geriatr Orthop Surg Rehabil. 2019 May 30;10:2151459319849801.

• Single Dose of Tranexamic Acid Effectively Reduces Blood Loss and Transfusion Rates in Elderly Patients Undergoing Surgery for Hip Fracture: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nikolaou VS, Masouros P, Floros T, Chronopoulos E, Skertsou M, Babis GC. Bone Joint J. 2021 Mar;103-B(3):442-448.