These articles have been recommended as excellent sources of educational information. The permission of each varies.

CALCANEUS

CLASSIC

• Operative Treatment in 120 Displaced Intraarticular Calcaneal Fractures. Results Using a Prognostic Computed Tomography Scan Classification. Sanders R, Fortin P, DiPasquale T, Walling A. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1993 May;(290):87-95.
   
• Operative Compared with Nonoperative Treatment of Displaced Intra-Articular Calcaneal Fractures: A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Multicenter Trial. Buckley R, Tough S, McCormack R, Pate G, Leighton R, Petrie D, Galpin R. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2002 Oct;84(10):1733-44.

• Comparison of Surgical Outcomes of Intra-Articular Calcaneal Fractures by Age. Gaskill T, Schweitzer K, Nunley J. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010 Dec 15;92(18):2884-9.

• Bone Graft in the Operative Treatment of Displaced Intraarticular Calcaneal Fractures: Is It Helpful? Longino D, Buckley RE. J Orthop Trauma. 2001 May;15(4):280-6.

• Early Wound Complications of Operative Treatment of Calcaneus Fractures: Analysis of 190 Fractures. Folk JW, Starr AJ, Early JS. J Orthop Trauma. 1999 Jun-Jul;13(5):369-72.

• Wound Healing Complications in Closed and Open Calcaneal Fractures. Benirschke SK, Kramer PA. J Orthop Trauma. 2004 Jan;18(1):1-6.

• Primary Subtaler Arthrodesis for the Treatment of Comminuted Calcaneal Fractures. Buch BD, Myerson MS, Miller SD. Foot Ankle Int. 1996 Feb;17(2):61-70.

• Subtalar Fusion After Displaced Intra-Articular Calcaneal Fractures: Does Initial Operative Treatment Matter? Radnay CS, Clare MP, Sanders RW. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009 Mar 1;91(3):541-6.

• Complications Following Management of Displaced Intra-Articular Calcaneal Fractures: A Prospective Randomized Trial Comparing Open Reduction Internal Fixation With Nonoperative Management. Howard JL, Buckley R, McCormack R, Pate G, Leighton R, Petrie D, Galpin R. J Orthop Trauma. 2003 Apr;17(4):241-9.

• Open Fractures of the Calcaneus: Soft-Tissue Injury Determines Outcome. Heier KA, Infante AF, Walling AK, Sanders RW. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003 Dec;85(12):2276-82.

CURRENT EVIDENCE

• Surgical Versus Non-Surgical Interventions for Displaced Intra-Articular Calcaneal Fractures. Lewis SR, Pritchard MW, Solomon JL, Griffin XL, Bruce J. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Nov 7;11(11):CD008628.

• Complication Rates Are Similar Between Patients Aged 50 Years in Calcaneus Fractures Treated With the Sinus Tarsi Approach. Reed LA, Mihas A, Andrews NA, Agarwal A, Wall KC, Spitler CA, Johnson MD. Foot Ankle Orthop. 2022 Aug 2;7(3):24730114221115678.

• Intra-articular Calcaneus Fractures: Current Concepts Review. Allegra PR, Rivera S, Desai SS, Aiyer A, Kaplan J, Gross CE. 2020 Jul 28;5(3):2473011420927334.

• Displaced Intra-articular Calcaneal Fractures Variables Predicting Late Subtalar Fusion. Csizy M, Buckley R, Tough S, Leighton R, Smith J, McCormack R, Pate G, Petrie D, Galpin R. J Orthop Trauma. 2003 Feb;17(2):106-12.
  

• Open Reduction and Internal Fixation Compared with ORIF and Primary Subtalar Arthrodesis for Treatment of Sanders Type IV Calcaneal Fractures: A Randomized Multicenter Trial. Buckley R, Leighton R, Sanders D, Poon J, Coles CP, Stephen D, Paolucci EO. J Orthop Trauma. 2014 Oct;28(10):577-83.

• Long-Term Results of Displaced Intra-Articular Calcaneal Fractures Treated With Minimal Invasive Surgery Using Percutaneous Screw Fixation. Driessen M, Edwards M, Biert J, Hermans E. Injury. 2021 Apr;52(4):1054-1059.

• Minimally Invasive Technique Versus an Extensile Lateral Approach for Intra-Articular Calcaneal Fractures. Kline AJ, Anderson RB, Davis WH, Jones CP, Cohen BE. Foot Ankle Int. 2013 Jun;34(6):773-80.

• Calcaneal Avulsion Fractures: A Multicenter Analysis of Soft-Tissue Compromise and Early Fixation Failure. Mitchell PM, OʼNeill DE, Branch E, Mir HR, Sanders RW, Collinge CA. J Orthop Trauma. 2019 Nov;33(11):e422-e426.

• Randomized Comparative Study Between Extensile Lateral and Sinus Tarsi Approaches for the Treatment of Sanders Type 2 Calcaneal Fracture. Park CH, Yan H, Park J. Bone Joint J. 2021 Feb;103-B(2):286-293.

• Open Reduction and Internal Fixation Versus Nonoperative Treatment for Closed, Displaced, Intra-Articular Fractures of the Calcaneus: Long-Term Follow-Up From the HeFT Randomized Controlled Trial. Dickenson EJ, Parsons N, Griffin DR. Bone Joint J. 2021 Jun;103-B(6):1040-1046.

• Correlation of Fracture Energy With Sanders Classification and Post-traumatic Osteoarthritis After Displaced Intra-articular Calcaneus Fractures. Rao K, Dibbern K, Day M, Glass N, Marsh JL, Anderson DD. J Orthop Trauma. 2019 May;33(5):261-266.

• Impact of Psychosocial and Economic Factors on Functional Outcomes After Operative Calcaneus Fractures. Simske NM, Hermelin MJ, Vallier HA. J Orthop Trauma. 2021 Nov 1;35(11):e423-e428.

LISFRANC/MIDFOOT

CLASSIC

• Outcome After Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Lisfranc Joint Injuries. Kuo RS, Tejwani NC, Digiovanni CW, Holt SK, Benirschke SK, Hansen ST Jr, Sangeorzan BJ. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2000 Nov;82(11):1609-18.

• The Anatomy of the Joint As a Risk Factor for Lisfranc Dislocation and Fracture-Dislocation: An Anatomical and Radiological Case Control Study. Peicha G, Labovitz J, Seibert FJ, Grechenig W, Weiglein A, Preidler KW, Quehenberger F. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2002 Sep;84(7):981-5.
  

CURRENT EVIDENCE

• Treatment of Primarily Ligamentous Lisfranc Joint Injuries: Primary Arthrodesis Compared with Open Reduction and Internal Fixation. A Prospective, Randomized Study. Ly TV, Coetzee JC. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006 Mar;88(3):514-20.

• Updates on Lisfranc Complex Injuries. Yan A, Chen SR, Ma X, Shi Z, Hogan M. Foot Ankle Orthop. 2021 Jan 25;6(1):2473011420982275.

• Anatomic Predisposition to Ligamentous Lisfranc Injury: A Matched Case-Control Study. Gallagher SM, Rodriguez NA, Andersen CR, Granberry WM, Panchbhavi VK. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013 Nov 20;95(22):2043-7.

• Severe Lisfrancs Injuries: Primary Arthrodesis or ORIF?. Mulier T, Reynders P, Dereymaeker G, Broos P. Foot Ankle Int. 2002 Oct;23(10):902-5.
  

• Lisfranc Injuries: Fix or Fuse?: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Current Literature Presenting Outcome After Surgical Treatment for Lisfranc Injuries. van den Boom NAC, Stollenwerck GANL, Lodewijks L, Bransen J, Evers SMAA, Poeze M. Bone Jt Open. 2021 Oct;2(10):842-849.

• Temporary Bridge Plating vs Primary Arthrodesis of the First Tarsometatarsal Joint in Lisfranc Injuries: Randomized Controlled Trial. Stødle AH, Hvaal KH, Brøgger HM, Madsen JE, Husebye EE. Foot Ankle Int. 2020 Aug;41(8):901-910.

• Does Open Reduction and Internal Fixation versus Primary Arthrodesis Improve Patient Outcomes for Lisfranc Trauma? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Smith N, Stone C, Furey A. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2016 Jun;474(6):1445-52.

• Open Reduction Internal Fixation Versus Primary Arthrodesis for Lisfranc Injuries: A Prospective Randomized Study. Henning JA, Jones CB, Sietsema DL, Bohay DR, Anderson JG. Foot Ankle Int. 2009 Oct;30(10):913-22.
   

TALUS

CLASSIC

• Fractures of the Neck of the Talus. Long-Term Evaluation of Seventy-One Cases. Canale ST, Kelly FB Jr. Fractures of the neck of the talus. Long-term evaluation of seventy-one cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1978 Mar;60(2):143-56.

• Talar Neck Fractures: Results and Outcomes. Vallier HA, Nork SE, Barei DP, Benirschke SK, Sangeorzan BJ. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004 Aug;86(8):1616-24.

• Fractures of the Neck of the Talus. Hawkins LG. Fractures of the neck of the talus. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1970 Jul;52(5):991-1002.

• Open Reduction and Stable Fixation of Isolated, Displaced Talar Neck and Body Fractures. Lindvall E, Haidukewych G, DiPasquale T, Herscovici D Jr, Sanders R. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004 Oct;86(10):2229-34.

• Fracture of the Lateral Process of the Talus in Snowboarders. von Knoch F, Reckord U, von Knoch M, Sommer C. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2007 Jun;89(6):772-7..

CURRENT EVIDENCE

• Complications and Functional Outcome Following Operative Treatment of Talus Neck and Body Fractures: A Systematic Review. Wijers O, Posthuma JJ, Engelmann EWM, Schepers T. Foot Ankle Orthop. 2022 Sep 30;7(3):24730114221127201.

• Fractures of the Talus: Current Concepts. Schwartz AM, Runge WO, Hsu AR, Bariteau JT. 2020 Feb 13;5(1):2473011419900766.

• A New Look at the Hawkins Classification for Talar Neck Fractures: Which Features of Injury and Treatment Are Predictive of Osteonecrosis? Vallier HA, Reichard SG, Boyd AJ, Moore TA. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014 Feb 5;96(3):192-7.

• Snowboarder’s Talus Fracture: Treatment Outcome of 20 Cases After 3.5 Years. Valderrabano V, Perren T, Ryf C, Rillmann P, Hintermann B. Am J Sports Med. 2005 Jun;33(6):871-80.

• Surgical Treatment of Talar Body Fractures. Vallier HA, Nork SE, Benirschke SK, Sangeorzan BJ. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004 Sep;86-A Suppl 1(Pt 2):180-92.