These articles have been recommended as excellent sources of educational information. The permission of each varies.

BASIC SCIENCE/FRACTURE HEALING

CLASSIC

• Evolution of the Internal Fixation of Long Bone Fractures. The Scientific Basis of Biological Internal Fixation: Choosing a New Balance Between Stability and Biology. Perren SM. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2002 Nov;84(8):1093-110.

• Physical and Biological Aspects of Fracture Healing With Special Reference to Internal Fixation. Perren SM. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1979 Jan-Feb;(138):175-96.

CURRENT EVIDENCE

• A Unified Theory of Bone Healing and Nonunion: BHN Theory. Elliott DS, Newman KJ, Forward DP, Hahn DM, Ollivere B, Kojima K, Handley R, Rossiter ND, Wixted JJ, Smith RM, Moran CG. Bone Joint J. 2016 Jul;98-B(7):884-91.

• Fracture Nonunion in Long Bones: A Literature Review of Risk Factors and Surgical Management. Nicholson JA, Makaram N, Simpson A, Keating JF. Injury. 2021 Jun;52 Suppl 2:S3-S11.

• The Science of Fracture Healing. Einhorn TA. J Orthop Trauma. 2005 Nov-Dec;19(10 Suppl):S4-6.

• Overview of Biologics. Watson JT. J Orthop Trauma. 2005 Nov-Dec;19(10 Suppl):S14-6.

• Biological Basis of Fracture Healing. Jones CB. J Orthop Trauma. 2005 Nov-Dec;19(10 Suppl):S1-3.

• The Musculoskeletal Effects of Smoking. Porter SE, Hanley EN Jr. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2001 Jan-Feb;9(1):9-17.

BIOMECHANICS

CURRENT EVIDENCE

• How much do locked screws add to the fixation of "hybrid" plate constructs in osteoporotic bone? Freeman AL, Tornetta P 3rd, Schmidt A, Bechtold J, Ricci W, Fleming M. J Orthop Trauma. 2010 Mar;24(3):163-9.

• Hybrid Locked Plating of Osteoporotic Fractures of the Humerus. Gardner MJ, Griffith MH, Demetrakopoulos D, Brophy RH, Grose A, Helfet DL, Lorich DG. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006 Sep;88(9):1962-7.

• Biomechanics of Locked Plates and Screws. Egol KA, Kubiak EN, Fulkerson E, Kummer FJ, Koval KJ. J Orthop Trauma. 2004 Sep;18(8):488-93.

• Intramedullary Nailing of Femoral Shaft Fractures. Part I: Decision-Making Errors With Interlocking Fixation. Brumback RJ, Reilly JP, Poka A, Lakatos RP, Bathon GH, Burgess AR. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1988 Dec;70(10):1441-52.

• Intramedullary Nailing of Femoral Shaft Fractures. Part II: Fracture-Healing With Static Interlocking Fixation. Brumback RJ, Uwagie-Ero S, Lakatos RP, Poka A, Bathon GH, Burgess AR. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1988 Dec;70(10):1453-62.

• Intramedullary Nailing of Femoral Shaft Fractures. Part III: Long-Term Effects of Static Interlocking Fixation. Brumback RJ, Ellison TS, Poka A, Bathon GH, Burgess AR. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1992 Jan;74(1):106-12.

• The Use of Locking Plates in Fracture Care. Cantu RV, Koval KJ. The use of locking plates in fracture care. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2006 Mar;14(3):183-90.

• Locking Plates: Tips and Tricks. Smith WR, Ziran BH, Anglen JO, Stahel PF. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007 Oct;89(10):2298-307.

• Evolution of the Internal Fixation of Long Bone Fractures. The Scientific Basis of Biological Internal Fixation: Choosing a New Balance Between Stability and Biology. Perren SM. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2002 Nov;84(8):1093-110.
   

 

COMPARTMENT SYNDROME

CLASSIC

• Compartment Monitoring in Tibial Fractures. The Pressure Threshold for Decompression. McQueen MM, Court-Brown CM. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1996 Jan;78(1):99-104.

• Acute Compartment Syndrome in Tibial Diaphyseal Fractures. McQueen MM, Christie J, Court-Brown CM. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1996 Jan;78(1):95-8.

• Compartment Syndrome Associated With Tibial Fracture. Tornetta P 3rd, Templeman D. Instr Course Lect. 1997;46:303-8.

• Tissue Pressure Measurements as a Determinant for the Need of Fasciotomy. Whitesides TE, Haney TC, Morimoto K, Harada H. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1975 Nov-Dec;(113):43-51.

• Factors Associated with Development of Traumatic Acute Compartment Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Mortensen SJ, Orman S, Serino J, Mohamadi A, Nazarian A, von Keudell A. Arch Bone Jt Surg. 2021 May;9(3):263-271.

• Diagnosis Accuracy for Compartment Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Lorange JP, Laverdière C, Corban J, Montreuil J, Harvey EJ. J Orthop Trauma. 2023 Aug 1;37(8):e319-e325.

• Pain Control with Regional Anesthesia in Patients at Risk of Acute Compartment Syndrome: Review of the Literature and Editorial View. Lam D, Pierson D, Salaria O, Wardhan R, Li J. J Pain Res. 2023 Mar 2;16:635-648. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S397428.

• Single Incision Fasciotomy for Acute Compartment Syndrome of the Leg: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Etemad-Rezaie A, Yang S, Kirklys M, Higginbotham DO, Zalikha AK, Nasr K. J Orthop. 2022 Apr 30;31:134-139.

• Perfusion Pressure Lacks Diagnostic Specificity for the Diagnosis of Acute Compartment Syndrome. Schmidt AH, Di J, Zipunnikov V, Frey KP, Scharfstein DO, O'Toole RV, Bosse MJ, Obremskey WT, Stinner DJ, Hayda R, Karunakar MA, Hak DJ, Carroll EA, Collins SCJ, MacKenzie EJ; METRC. J Orthop Trauma. 2020 Jun;34(6):287-293.

• Acute Compartment Syndrome in Lower Extremity Musculoskeletal Trauma. Author: Steven A. Olson, MD, and Robert R. Glasgow, MD Journal: JAAOS Volume: Vol. 13, pp 436-444, 2005

CURRENT EVIDENCE

• Diastolic Blood Pressure in Patients With Tibia Fractures Under Anaesthesia: Implications for the Diagnosis of Compartment Syndrome. Kakar S, Firoozabadi R, McKean J, Tornetta P 3rd. J Orthop Trauma. 2007 Feb;21(2):99-103.

• Compartment Syndrome in Tibial Fractures. Park S, Ahn J, Gee AO, Kuntz AF, Esterhai JL. J Orthop Trauma. 2009 Aug;23(7):514-8.

• The Impact of Compartment Syndrome on Hospital Length of Stay and Charges Among Adult Patients Admitted With a Fracture of the Tibia. Schmidt AH. J Orthop Trauma. 2011 Jun;25(6):355-7.

• The Estimated Sensitivity and Specificity of Compartment Pressure Monitoring for Acute Compartment Syndrome. McQueen MM, Duckworth AD, Aitken SA, Court-Brown CM. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013 Apr 17;95(8):673-7.

• Acute Compartment Syndrome of the Upper Extremity. Prasarn ML, Ouellette EA. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2011 Jan;19(1):49-58.

• Acute Compartment Syndrome in Lower Extremity Musculoskeletal Trauma. Olson SA, Glasgow RR. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2005 Nov;13(7):436-44.

• Acute Compartment Syndrome: Update on Diagnosis and Treatment. Whitesides TE, Heckman MM. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1996 Jul;4(4):209-218.

DVT/PE

CLASSIC

• Aspirin or Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin for Thromboprophylaxis after a Fracture. Major Extremity Trauma Research Consortium (METRC); O'Toole RV, Stein DM, O'Hara NN, Frey KP, Taylor TJ, Scharfstein DO, Carlini AR, Sudini K, Degani Y, Slobogean GP, Haut ER, Obremskey W, Firoozabadi R, Bosse MJ, Goldhaber SZ, Marvel D, Castillo RC. N Engl J Med. 2023 Jan 19;388(3):203-213.

• Direct Oral Anticoagulants vs Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin for Thromboprophylaxis in Nonoperative Pelvic Fractures. Hamidi M, Zeeshan M, Sakran JV, Kulvatunyou N, O'Keeffe T, Northcutt A, Zakaria ER, Tang A, Joseph B. J Am Coll Surg. 2019 Jan;228(1):89-97.

CURRENT EVIDENCE

• Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis in Orthopaedic Trauma Patients: A Survey of OTA Member Practice Patterns and OTA Expert Panel Recommendations. Sagi HC, Ahn J, Ciesla D, Collinge C, Molina C, Obremskey WT, Guillamondegui O, Tornetta P 3rd; Orthopaedic Trauma Association Evidence Based Quality Value and Safety Committee. J Orthop Trauma. 2015 Oct;29(10):e355-62.

• Treatment and Complications in Orthopaedic Trauma Patients With Symptomatic Pulmonary Embolism. Bogdan Y, Tornetta P 3rd, Leighton R, Dahn U, Sagi H, Nalley C, Sanders D, Siegel J, Mullis B, Bemenderfer T, Vallier H, Boyd A, Schmidt A, Westberg JR, Egol KA, Kottmeier S, Collinge C. J Orthop Trauma. 2014;28 Suppl 1:S6-9.

• Prevention of Pulmonary Embolism and Deep Vein Thrombosis With Low Dose Aspirin: Pulmonary Embolism Prevention (PEP) Trial. Lancet. 2000 Apr 15;355(9212):1295-302.

• Mechanical Prophylaxis Against Deep-Vein Thrombosis After Pelvic and Acetabular Fractures. Stannard JP, Riley RS, McClenney MD, Lopez-Ben RR, Volgas DA, Alonso JE. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2001 Jul;83(7):1047-51.

• Aspirin or Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin for Thromboprophylaxis after a Fracture. Major Extremity Trauma Research Consortium (METRC); O'Toole RV, Stein DM, O'Hara NN, Frey KP, Taylor TJ, Scharfstein DO, Carlini AR, Sudini K, Degani Y, Slobogean GP, Haut ER, Obremskey W, Firoozabadi R, Bosse MJ, Goldhaber SZ, Marvel D, Castillo RC. N Engl J Med. 2023 Jan 19;388(3):203-213.

EAST GUIDELINES

CLASSIC

• Efficacy and Safety of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) for the Treatment of Acute Pain After Orthopedic Trauma: A Practice Management Guideline From the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma and the Orthopedic Trauma Association. Murphy PB, Kasotakis G, Haut ER, Miller A, Harvey E, Hasenboehler E, Higgins T, Hoegler J, Mir H, Cantrell S, Obremskey WT, Wally M, Attum B, Seymour R, Patel N, Ricci W, Freeman JJ, Haines KL, Yorkgitis BK, Padilla-Jones BB. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open. 2023 Feb 21;8(1):e001056.
  

• Preperitoneal packing for pelvic fracture-associated hemorrhage: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and practice management guideline from the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma. Bugaev N, Rattan R, Goodman M, Mukherjee K, Robinson BRH, McDonald AA, Bogert JN, Croft CA, Edavettal M, Engels PT, Jayaraman V, Khwaja K, Kasotakis G, Lawless RA, Maine RG, Hasenboehler EA, Schroeder ME, Schroll RW, Kim D, Mentzer C, Litt J, Como JJ. Am J Surg. 2020 Oct;220(4):873-888.

• Elderly Adults With Isolated Hip Fractures- Orthogeriatric Care Versus Standard Care: A Practice Management Guideline From the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma. Mukherjee K, Brooks SE, Barraco RD, Como JJ, Hwang F, Robinson BRH, Crandall ML. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2020 Feb;88(2):266-278.

• Operative Fixation of Rib Fractures After Blunt Trauma: A Practice Management Guideline From the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma. Kasotakis G, Hasenboehler EA, Streib EW, Patel N, Patel MB, Alarcon L, Bosarge PL, Love J, Haut ER, Como JJ. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2017 Mar;82(3):618-626.

CURRENT EVIDENCE

• Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma: Practice Management Guidelines

 

HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION

CLASSIC

• Heterotopic Ossification Prophylaxis Following Operative Treatment of Acetabular Fracture. Johnson EE, Kay RM, Dorey FJ. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1994 Aug;(305):88-95.

• Does Indomethacin Reduce Heterotopic Bone Formation After Operations for Acetabular Fractures? A Prospective Randomised Study Author: Matta, J. M.; Siebenrock, K. A. Journal: JBJS(Br) Volume: Vol. 79-B, No. 6, Nov 1997, pp 959-963 *Permission Granted by JBJS (Br)
• 
   

CURRENT EVIDENCE

• Heterotopic Ossification. Kaplan FS, Glaser DL, Hebela N, Shore EM. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2004 Mar-Apr;12(2):116-25.

• Indomethacin Prophylaxis for Heterotopic Ossification After Acetabular Fracture Surgery Increases the Risk for Nonunion of the Posterior Wall. Sagi HC, Jordan CJ, Barei DP, Serrano-Riera R, Steverson B. J Orthop Trauma. 2014 Jul;28(7):377-83.

• Is Radiation Superior to Indomethacin To Prevent Heterotopic Ossification in Acetabular Fractures?: A Systematic Review. Blokhuis TJ, Frölke JP. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2009 Feb;467(2):526-30.

• Risk Factors for the Development of Heterotopic Ossification After Acetabular Fracture Fixation. Firoozabadi R, O'Mara TJ, Swenson A, Agel J, Beck JD, Routt M. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014 Nov;472(11):3383-8.

• Heterotopic Ossification Prophylaxis With Indomethacin Increases the Risk of Long-Bone Nonunion. Burd TA, Hughes MS, Anglen JO. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2003 Jul;85(5):700-5.

• Radiation Therapy for Heterotopic Ossification Prophylaxis Acutely After Elbow Trauma: A Prospective Randomized Study. Hamid N, Ashraf N, Bosse MJ, Connor PM, Kellam JF, Sims SH, Stull DE, Jeray KJ, Hymes RA, Lowe TJ. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010 Sep 1;92(11):2032-8.

NON-UNION

CURRENT EVIDENCE

• Preoperative Diagnosis of Infection in Patients With Nonunions. Stucken C, Olszewski DC, Creevy WR, Murakami AM, Tornetta P. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013 Aug 7;95(15):1409-12.

• Serology and Comorbidities in Patients With Fracture Nonunion: A Multicenter Evaluation of 640 Patients. Shapiro JA, Stillwagon MR, Tornetta P 3rd, Seaver TM, Gage M, O'Donnell J, Whitlock K, Yarboro SR, Jeray KJ, Obremskey WT, Rodriguez-Buitrago A, Matuszewski P, Lin FC, Ostrum RF. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2022 Sep 15;30(18):e1179-e1187.

• Epidemiology of Fracture Nonunion in 18 Human Bones. Zura R, Xiong Z, Einhorn T, Watson JT, Ostrum RF, Prayson MJ, Della Rocca GJ, Mehta S, McKinley T, Wang Z, Steen RG. JAMA Surg. 2016 Nov 16;151(11):e162775.

• Risk of Nonunion with Nonselective NSAIDs, COX-2 Inhibitors, and Opioids. George MD, Baker JF, Leonard CE, Mehta S, Miano TA, Hennessy S. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2020 Jul 15;102(14):1230-1238.

INFECTION/ANTIBIOTICS

CLASSIC

• Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind Study Comparing Single-Agent Antibiotic Therapy, Ciprofloxacin, to Combination Antibiotic Therapy in Open Fracture Wounds. Patzakis MJ, Bains RS, Lee J, Shepherd L, Singer G, Ressler R, Harvey F, Holtom P. J Orthop Trauma. 2000 Nov;14(8):529-33.
  

CURRENT EVIDENCE

• Randomised Controlled Trial of Single-Dose Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Surgical Treatment of Closed Fractures: the Dutch Trauma Trial. Boxma H, Broekhuizen T, Patka P, Oosting H. Lancet. 1996 Apr 27;347(9009):1133-7.

• Single- Versus Multiple-Dose Antibiotic Prophylaxis in the Surgical Treatment of Closed Fractures: A Meta-Analysis. Slobogean GP, Kennedy SA, Davidson D, O'Brien PJ. J Orthop Trauma. 2008 Apr;22(4):264-9.

• Antibiotics in the Treatment of Low-Velocity Gunshot-Induced Fractures: A Systematic Literature Review. Papasoulis E, Patzakis MJ, Zalavras CG. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2013 Dec;471(12):3937-44.

• Once Daily, High Dose Versus Divided, Low Dose Gentamicin for Open Fractures. Sorger JI, Kirk PG, Ruhnke CJ, Bjornson SH, Levy MS, Cockrin J, Tang P. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1999 Sep;(366):197-204.

• Incidence, Risk Factors, and Diagnostic Evaluation of Postoperative Fever in an Orthopaedic Trauma Population. Petretta R, McConkey M, Slobogean GP, Handel J, Broekhuyse HM. J Orthop Trauma. 2013 Oct;27(10):558-62.

• The Effect of Surgical Delay on Acute Infection Following 554 Open Fractures in Children. Skaggs DL, Friend L, Alman B, Chambers HG, Schmitz M, Leake B, Kay RM, Flynn JM. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005 Jan;87(1):8-12. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.C.01561.
  

• Surgical Site Infections in Patients With Type 3 Open Fractures: Comparing Antibiotic Prophylaxis With Cefazolin Plus Gentamicin Versus Piperacillin/Tazobactam. Redfern J, Wasilko SM, Groth ME, McMillian WD, Bartlett CS 3rd. J Orthop Trauma. 2016 Aug;30(8):415-9.

• Low Adherence to Recommended Guidelines for Open Fracture Antibiotic Prophylaxis. Lin CA, O'Hara NN, Sprague S, O'Toole RV, Joshi M, Harris AD, Warner SJ, Johal H, Natoli RM, Hagen JE, Jeray KJ, Fowler JT, Phelps KD, Pilson HT, Gitajn IL, Bhandari M, Slobogean GP; the PREP-IT Investigators. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2021 Apr 7;103(7):609-617.

• Time to Initial Operative Treatment Following Open Fracture Does Not Impact Development of Deep Infection: A Prospective Cohort Study of 736 Subjects. Weber D, Dulai SK, Bergman J, Buckley R, Beaupre LA. J Orthop Trauma. 2014 Nov;28(11):613-9.

• Does Timing to Operative Debridement Affect Infectious Complications in Open Long-Bone Fractures? A Systematic Review. Schenker ML, Yannascoli S, Baldwin KD, Ahn J, Mehta S. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012 Jun 20;94(12):1057-64.

• Type III Open Tibia Fractures: Immediate Antibiotic Prophylaxis Minimizes Infection. Lack WD, Karunakar MA, Angerame MR, Seymour RB, Sims S, Kellam JF, Bosse MJ. J Orthop Trauma. 2015 Jan;29(1):1-6.

• Antibiotic Therapy for Musculoskeletal Infections. Mader JT, Wang J, Calhoun JH. Instr Course Lect. 2002;51:539-51.

• Risk Factors Associated With Infection in Open Fractures of the Upper and Lower Extremities. Tornetta P 3rd, Della Rocca GJ, Morshed S, Jones C, Heels-Ansdell D, Sprague S, Petrisor B, Jeray KJ, Del Fabbro G, Bzovsky S, Bhandari M; FLOW Investigators. J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev. 2020 Dec 8;4(12):e20.00188.

• Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Hip Fracture Surgery: A Metaanalysis. Southwell-Keely JP, Russo RR, March L, Cumming R, Cameron I, Brnabic AJ. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004 Feb;(419):179-84.

• Aqueous Skin Antisepsis Before Surgical Fixation of Open Fractures (Aqueous-PREP): A Multiple-Period, Cluster-Randomised, Crossover Trial. PREP-IT Investigators. Lancet. 2022 Oct 15;400(10360):1334-1344.

MISCELLANEOUS

CLASSIC

• Comparison of Intravenous and Oral Antibiotic Therapy in the Treatment of Fractures Caused by Low-Velocity Gunshots. A Prospective, Randomized Study of Infection Rates. Knapp TP, Patzakis MJ, Lee J, Seipel PR, Abdollahi K, Reisch RB. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1996 Aug;78(8):1167-71.

• Meta-Analyses in Orthopaedic Surgery. A Systematic Review of Their Methodologies. Bhandari M, Morrow F, Kulkarni AV, Tornetta P 3rd. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2001 Jan;83(1):15-24.

CURRENT EVIDENCE

• Low-Energy Gunshot-Induced Tibia Fractures: What Proportion Develop Complications? Lee C, Brodke DJ, Engel J, Schloss MG, Zaidi SMR, O'Toole RV, Gulbrandsen T, Hogue M, Badon J, Bergin PF, Lirette ST, Morellato J. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2021 Aug 1;479(8):1793-1801.

• Ballistics and Gunshot Wounds: Effects on Musculoskeletal Tissues. Bartlett CS, Helfet DL, Hausman MR, Strauss E. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2000 Jan-Feb;8(1):21-36.

• Treatment of Pregnant Patients With Orthopaedic Trauma. Tejwani N, Klifto K, Looze C, Klifto CS. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2017 May;25(5):e90-e101.

• Comparing the 30-Day Complications Between Smokers and Nonsmokers Undergoing Surgical Fixation of Ankle Fractures. Sagherian BH, Hoballah JJ, Tamim H. Foot Ankle Orthop. 2022 Aug 2;7(3):24730114221115677.

• Routine Pin Tract Care in External Fixation is Unnecessary: A Randomized, Prospective, Blinded Controlled Study. Camathias C, Valderrabano V, Oberli H. Injury. 2012 Nov;43(11):1969-73.
  

• Cigarette Smoking Increases Complications Following Fracture: A Systematic Review. Scolaro JA, Schenker ML, Yannascoli S, Baldwin K, Mehta S, Ahn J.J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014 Apr 16;96(8):674-81.

• The Effect of the Massachusetts Healthcare Reform on the Uninsured Rate of the Orthopaedic Trauma Population. Toussaint RJ, Bergeron SG, Weaver MJ, Tornetta P 3rd, Vrahas MS, Harris MB. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014 Aug 20;96(16):e141.

• Pin Site Care for Preventing Infections Associated With External Bone Fixators and Pins. Lethaby A, Temple J, Santy-Tomlinson J.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Dec 3;(12):CD004551.

• Masquelet Technique for the Treatment of Bone Defects: Tips-Tricks and Future Directions. Giannoudis PV, Faour O, Goff T, Kanakaris N, Dimitriou R. Injury. 2011 Jun;42(6):591-8.

• Twenty Years of Meta-Analyses in Orthopaedic Surgery: Has Quality Kept Up With Quantity?. Dijkman BG, Abouali JA, Kooistra BW, Conter HJ, Poolman RW, Kulkarni AV, Tornetta P 3rd, Bhandari M. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010 Jan;92(1):48-57.

• A Systematic Review of Meta-Analyses in Orthopaedic Surgery Between 2000 and 2016. Manta A, Opingari E, Saleh AH, Simunovic N, Duong A, Sprague S, Peterson D, Bhandari M. Bone Joint J. 2018 Oct;100-B(10):1270-1274.

• Complications of Hardware Removal. Kellam PJ, Harrast J, Weinberg M, Martin DF, Davidson NP, Saltzman CL. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2021 Nov 17;103(22):2089-2095.

• Dead Space Management After Orthopaedic Trauma: Tips, Tricks, and Pitfalls. Gage MJ, Yoon RS, Gaines RJ, Dunbar RP, Egol KA, Liporace FA. J Orthop Trauma. 2016 Feb;30(2):64-70.

• The Use of Calcium Phosphate Bone Cement in Fracture Treatment. A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials. Bajammal SS, Zlowodzki M, Lelwica A, Tornetta P 3rd, Einhorn TA, Buckley R, Leighton R, Russell TA, Larsson S, Bhandari M. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008 Jun;90(6):1186-96.

OPEN FRACTURES

CLASSIC

• Comparison of Soap and Antibiotic Solutions for Irrigation of Lower-Limb Open Fracture Wounds. A Prospective, Randomized Study. Anglen JO. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005 Jul;87(7):1415-22.

• Problems in the Management of Type III (Severe) Open Fractures: A New Classification of Type III Open Fractures. Gustilo RB, Mendoza RM, Williams DN. J Trauma. 1984 Aug;24(8):742-6.

• Prevention of Infection in the Treatment of One Thousand and Twenty-Five Open Fractures of Long Bones: Retrospective and Prospective Analyses. Gustilo RB, Anderson JT. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1976 Jun;58(4):453-8.
  

• Factors Influencing Infection Rate in Open Fracture Wounds. Patzakis MJ, Wilkins J. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1989 Jun;(243):36-40. PMID: 2721073.

CURRENT EVIDENCE

• Effect of Extended Prophylactic Antibiotic Duration in the Treatment of Open Fracture Wounds Differs by Level of Contamination. Stennett CA, O'Hara NN, Sprague S, Petrisor B, Jeray KJ, Leekha S, Yimgang DP, Joshi M, O'Toole RV, Bhandari M, Slobogean GP; FLOW Investigators. J Orthop Trauma. 2020 Mar;34(3):113-120.

• Effects of Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Patients with Open Fracture of the Extremities: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Chang Y, Kennedy SA, Bhandari M, Lopes LC, Bergamaschi CC, Carolina de Oliveira E Silva M, Bhatnagar N, Mousavi SM, Khurshid S, Petrisor B, Ren M, Sodhi SK, Mirza RD, Guyatt GH. JBJS Rev. 2015 Jun 9;3(6):e2.

• Effect of Intrawound Vancomycin Powder in Operatively Treated High-risk Tibia Fractures: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Major Extremity Trauma Research Consortium (METRC); O'Toole RV, Joshi M, Carlini AR, Murray CK, Allen LE, Huang Y, Scharfstein DO, O'Hara NN, Gary JL, Bosse MJ, Castillo RC, Bishop JA, Weaver MJ, Firoozabadi R, Hsu JR, Karunakar MA, Seymour RB, Sims SH, Churchill C, Brennan ML, Gonzales G, Reilly RM, Zura RD, Howes CR, Mir HR, Wagstrom EA, Westberg J, Gaski GE, Kempton LB, Natoli RM, Sorkin AT, Virkus WW, Hill LC, Hymes RA, Holzman M, Malekzadeh AS, Schulman JE, Ramsey L, Cuff JAN, Haaser S, Osgood GM, Shafiq B, Laljani V, Lee OC, Krause PC, Rowe CJ, Hilliard CL, Morandi MM, Mullins A, Achor TS, Choo AM, Munz JW, Boutte SJ, Vallier HA, Breslin MA, Frisch HM, Kaufman AM, Large TM, LeCroy CM, Riggsbee C, Smith CS, Crickard CV, Phieffer LS, Sheridan E, Jones CB, Sietsema DL, Reid JS, Ringenbach K, Hayda R, Evans AR, Crisco MJ, Rivera JC, Osborn PM, Kimmel J, Stawicki SP, Nwachuku CO, Wojda TR, Rehman S, Donnelly JM, Caroom C, Jenkins MD, Boulton CL, Costales TG, LeBrun CT, Manson TT, Mascarenhas DC, Nascone JW, Pollak AN, Sciadini MF, Slobogean GP, Berger PZ, Connelly DW, Degani Y, Howe AL, Marinos DP, Montalvo RN, Reahl GB, Schoonover CD, Schroder LK, Vang S, Bergin PF, Graves ML, Russell GV, Spitler CA, Hydrick JM, Teague D, Ertl W, Hickerson LE, Moloney GB, Weinlein JC, Zelle BA, Agarwal A, Karia RA, Sathy AK, Au B, Maroto M, Sanders D, Higgins TF, Haller JM, Rothberg DL, Weiss DB, Yarboro SR, McVey ED, Lester-Ballard V, Goodspeed D, Lang GJ, Whiting PS, Siy AB, Obremskey WT, Jahangir AA, Attum B, Burgos EJ, Molina CS, Rodriguez-Buitrago A, Gajari V, Trochez KM, Halvorson JJ, Miller AN, Goodman JB, Holden MB, McAndrew CM, Gardner MJ, Ricci WM, Spraggs-Hughes A, Collins SC, Taylor TJ, Zadnik M. JAMA Surg. 2021 May 1;156(5):e207259.

• A Trial of Wound Irrigation in the Initial Management of Open Fracture Wounds. Randomized controlled trial. Author: FLOW Investigators. N Engl J Med. 2015 Dec 31;373(27):2629-41. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1508502. Epub 2015 Oct 8.

• Does Timing to Operative Debridement Affect Infectious Complications in Open Long-Bone Fractures? A Systematic Review. Schenker ML, Yannascoli S, Baldwin KD, Ahn J, Mehta S. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012 Jun 20;94(12):1057-64.

• Effect of Extended Prophylactic Antibiotic Duration in the Treatment of Open Fracture Wounds Differs by Level of Contamination. Stennett CA, O'Hara NN, Sprague S, Petrisor B, Jeray KJ, Leekha S, Yimgang DP, Joshi M, O'Toole RV, Bhandari M, Slobogean GP; FLOW Investigators. J Orthop Trauma. 2020 Mar;34(3):113-120.

• Aqueous Skin Antisepsis Before Surgical Fixation of Open Fractures (Aqueous-PREP): A Multiple-Period, Cluster-Randomised, Crossover Trial. PREP-IT Investigators. Lancet. 2022 Oct 15;400(10360):1334-1344.

• Type III Open Tibia Fractures: Immediate Antibiotic Prophylaxis Minimizes Infection. Lack WD, Karunakar MA, Angerame MR, Seymour RB, Sims S, Kellam JF, Bosse MJ. J Orthop Trauma. 2015 Jan;29(1):1-6.

• Effect of Extended Prophylactic Antibiotic Duration in the Treatment of Open Fracture Wounds Differs by Level of Contamination. Stennett CA, O'Hara NN, Sprague S, Petrisor B, Jeray KJ, Leekha S, Yimgang DP, Joshi M, O'Toole RV, Bhandari M, Slobogean GP; FLOW Investigators. J Orthop Trauma. 2020 Mar;34(3):113-120.

POLYTRAUMA/DAMAGE CONTROL

CLASSIC

• Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Pneumonia, and Mortality Following Thoracic Injury and a Femoral Fracture Treated Either With Intramedullary Nailing With Reaming or With a Plate. A Comparative Study. Bosse MJ, MacKenzie EJ, Riemer BL, Brumback RJ, McCarthy ML, Burgess AR, Gens DR, Yasui Y. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1997 Jun;79(6):799-809.
  

CURRENT EVIDENCE

• Assessment of Resuscitation As Measured by Markers of Metabolic Acidosis and Features of Injury. Weinberg DS, Narayanan AS, Moore TA, Vallier HA. Bone Joint J. 2017 Jan;99-B(1):122-127.

• Fracture Fixation in the Polytrauma Patient: Markers That Matter. Moore TA, Simske NM, Vallier HA. Injury. 2020 May;51 Suppl 2:S10-S14.

• Do Patients With Multiple System Injury Benefit From Early Fixation of Unstable Axial Fractures? The Effects of Timing of Surgery on Initial Hospital Course. Vallier HA, Super DM, Moore TA, Wilber JH. J Orthop Trauma. 2013 Jul;27(7):405-12.

• Does Early versus Delayed Spanning External Fixation Impact Complication Rates for High-energy Tibial Plateau and Plafond Fractures?. Haller JM, Holt D, Rothberg DL, Kubiak EN, Higgins TF. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2016 Jun;474(6):1436-44.

• Temporary External Fixation for the Management of Complex Intra- and Periarticular Fractures of the Lower Extremity. Haidukewych GJ. J Orthop Trauma. 2002 Oct;16(9):678-85.

• Damage Control Orthopaedics: Lessons Learned. Giannoudis PV, Giannoudi M, Stavlas P. Injury. 2009 Nov;40 Suppl 4:S47-52.

• The Effects of Surgical Fracture Fixation on the Systemic Inflammatory Response to Major Trauma. Pallister I, Empson K. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2005 Mar-Apr;13(2):93-100.

• Treatment of Blast Injuries of the Extremity. Bumbasirević M, Lesic A, Mitkovic M, Bumbasirević V. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2006;14(10 Spec No.):S77-81.

• Damage Control Orthopaedics in Polytraumatized Patients- Current Concepts. Volpin G, Pfeifer R, Saveski J, Hasani I, Cohen M, Pape HC. Damage control orthopaedics in polytraumatized patients- current concepts. J Clin Orthop Trauma. 2021 Jan;12(1):72-82.

• Complications Are Reduced With a Protocol To Standardize Timing of Fixation Based on Response to Resuscitation. Vallier HA, Moore TA, Como JJ, Wilczewski PA, Steinmetz MP, Wagner KG, Smith CE, Wang XF, Dolenc AJ. J Orthop Surg Res. 2015 Oct 1;10:155.

AMPUTATION

CURRENT EVIDENCE

• The Military Extremity Trauma Amputation/Limb Salvage (METALS) Study: Outcomes of Amputation Compared with Limb Salvage Following Major Upper-Extremity Trauma. Mitchell SL, Hayda R, Chen AT, Carlini AR, Ficke JR, MacKenzie EJ; METALS Study Group. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2019 Aug 21;101(16):1470-1478.

• Functional Outcomes Following Trauma-Related Lower-Extremity Amputation. MacKenzie EJ, Bosse MJ, Castillo RC, Smith DG, Webb LX, Kellam JF, Burgess AR, Swiontkowski MF, Sanders RW, Jones AL, McAndrew MP, Patterson BM, Travison TG, McCarthy ML. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004 Aug;86(8):1636-45.

• Functional Outcome of Bilateral Limb Threatening: Lower Extremity Injuries at Two Years Postinjury. Smith JJ, Agel J, Swiontkowski MF, Castillo R, Mackenzie E, Kellam JF; LEAP Study Group. J Orthop Trauma. 2005 Apr;19(4):249-53.

• An Analysis of Outcomes of Reconstruction or Amputation After Leg-Threatening Injuries. Bosse MJ, MacKenzie EJ, Kellam JF, Burgess AR, Webb LX, Swiontkowski MF, Sanders RW, Jones AL, McAndrew MP, Patterson BM, McCarthy ML, Travison TG, Castillo RC. N Engl J Med. 2002 Dec 12;347(24):1924-31.

• Below-the-Knee Compared With Above-the-Knee Amputation. Perry J. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005 May;87(5):1162-3; author reply 1163.

• The Mangled Foot and Ankle: Results From a 2-Year Prospective Study. Ellington JK, Bosse MJ, Castillo RC, MacKenzie EJ; LEAP Study Group. J Orthop Trauma. 2013 Jan;27(1):43-8.

• Traumatic and Trauma-Related Amputations: Part I: General Principles and Lower-Extremity Amputations. Tintle SM, Keeling JJ, Shawen SB, Forsberg JA, Potter BK. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010 Dec 1;92(17):2852-68. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.J.00257.

• Lower Extremity Assessment Project (LEAP)–the Best Available Evidence on Limb-Threatening Lower Extremity Trauma. Higgins TF, Klatt JB, Beals TC. Orthop Clin North Am. 2010 Apr;41(2):233-9.

RIB FIXATION

CURRENT EVIDENCE

• Operative Treatment of Rib Fractures in Flail Chest Injuries: A Meta-analysis and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. Swart E, Laratta J, Slobogean G, Mehta S. J Orthop Trauma. 2017 Feb;31(2):64-70.

• Operative vs Nonoperative Treatment of Acute Unstable Chest Wall Injuries: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Dehghan N, Nauth A, Schemitsch E, Vicente M, Jenkinson R, Kreder H, McKee M; Canadian Orthopaedic Trauma Society and the Unstable Chest Wall RCT Study Investigators. JAMA Surg. 2022 Nov 1;157(11):983-990.

LIMB SALVAGE / MANGLED LIMB

CURRENT EVIDENCE

• An Analysis of Outcomes of Reconstruction or Amputation After Leg-Threatening Injuries. Bosse MJ, MacKenzie EJ, Kellam JF, Burgess AR, Webb LX, Swiontkowski MF, Sanders RW, Jones AL, McAndrew MP, Patterson BM, McCarthy ML, Travison TG, Castillo RC. N Engl J Med. 2002 Dec 12;347(24):1924-31.

• Complications Following Limb-Threatening Lower Extremity Trauma. Harris AM, Althausen PL, Kellam J, Bosse MJ, Castillo R; Lower Extremity Assessment Project (LEAP) Study Group. J Orthop Trauma. 2009 Jan;23(1):1-6.

• The Military Extremity Trauma Amputation/Limb Salvage (METALS) Study: Outcomes of Amputation Versus Limb Salvage Following Major Lower-Extremity Trauma. Doukas WC, Hayda RA, Frisch HM, Andersen RC, Mazurek MT, Ficke JR, Keeling JJ, Pasquina PF, Wain HJ, Carlini AR, MacKenzie EJ. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013 Jan 16;95(2):138-45.

• The Military Extremity Trauma Amputation/Limb Salvage (METALS) Study: Outcomes of Amputation Compared with Limb Salvage Following Major Upper-Extremity Trauma. Mitchell SL, Hayda R, Chen AT, Carlini AR, Ficke JR, MacKenzie EJ; METALS Study Group. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2019 Aug 21;101(16):1470-1478.

• The Insensate Foot Following Severe Lower Extremity Trauma: An Indication for Amputation?. Bosse MJ, McCarthy ML, Jones AL, Webb LX, Sims SH, Sanders RW, MacKenzie EJ; J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005 Dec;87(12):2601-2608.

• Outcomes Following Severe Distal Tibial, Ankle, and/or Mid/Hindfoot Trauma: Comparison of Limb Salvage and Transtibial Amputation (OUTLET). Major Extremity Trauma Research Consortium (METRC). J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2021 Sep 1;103(17):1588-1597.