These articles have been recommended as excellent sources of educational information. The permission of each varies. 

DISTAL HUMERUS

CLASSIC

• A Comparison of Open Reduction and Internal Fixation and Primary Total Elbow Arthroplasty in the Treatment of Intraarticular Distal Humerus Fractures in Women Older Than Age 65. Frankle MA, Herscovici D Jr, DiPasquale TG, Vasey MB, Sanders RW. J Orthop Trauma. 2003 Aug;17(7):473-80.

• Distal Humeral Fractures Treated with Noncustom Total Elbow Replacement. Kamineni S, Morrey BF. Surgical technique. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005 Mar;87 Suppl 1(Pt 1):41-50.

• Functional Outcome Following Surgical Treatment of Intra-Articular Distal Humeral Fractures Through a Posterior Approach. McKee MD, Wilson TL, Winston L, Schemitsch EH, Richards RR. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2000 Dec;82(12):1701-7.

• Coronal Shear Fractures of the Distal End of the Humerus. McKee MD, Jupiter JB, Bamberger HB. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1996 Jan;78(1):49-54..

• Articular Fractures of the Distal Part of the Humerus. Ring D, Jupiter JB, Gulotta L. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003 Feb;85(2):232-8.

• Biomechanical Evaluation of Methods of Internal Fixation of the Distal Humerus. Schemitsch EH, Tencer AF, Henley MB. J Orthop Trauma. 1994 Dec;8(6):468-75.

CURRENT EVIDENCE

• Open Reduction And Internal Fixation Versus Total Elbow Arthroplasty For The Treatment Of Geriatric Distal Humerus Fractures: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Githens M, Yao J, Sox AH, Bishop J. J Orthop Trauma. 2014 Aug;28(8):481-8.

• Long-Term Outcomes of Total Elbow Arthroplasty for Distal Humeral Fracture: Results From a Prior Randomized Clinical Trial. Dehghan N, Furey M, Schemitsch L, Ristevski B, Goetz T, Schemitsch EH; Canadian Orthopaedic Trauma Society (COTS); McKee M. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2019 Nov;28(11):2198-2204.

• Functional Outcome After Open Reduction Internal Fixation of Intra-Articular Fractures of the Distal Humerus in the Elderly. Huang JI, Paczas M, Hoyen HA, Vallier HA. J Orthop Trauma. 2011 May;25(5):259-65.

• Surgical Approaches for Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Intra-Articular Distal Humerus Fractures in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sharma S, John R, Dhillon MS, Kishore K. Injury. 2018 Aug;49(8):1381-1391.

• A Multicenter, Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Trial of Open Reduction–Internal Fixation Versus Total Elbow Arthroplasty for Displaced Intra-Articular Distal Humeral Fractures in Elderly Patients. McKee MD, Veillette CJ, Hall JA, Schemitsch EH, Wild LM, McCormack R, Perey B, Goetz T, Zomar M, Moon K, Mandel S, Petit S, Guy P, Leung I. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2009 Jan-Feb;18(1):3-12.

• Olecranon Osteotomy for Exposure of Fractures and Nonunions of the Distal Humerus. Ring D, Gulotta L, Chin K, Jupiter JB. J Orthop Trauma. 2004 Aug;18(7):446-9.

• Outcome After Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Capitellar and Trochlear Fractures. Dubberley JH, Faber KJ, Macdermid JC, Patterson SD, King GJ. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006 Jan;88(1):46-54.

• Surgical Techniques: Distal Humerus Fractures. Anglen J. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2005 Sep;13(5):291-7.
   
• In Situ Placement Versus Anterior Transposition of the Ulnar Nerve for Distal Humerus Fractures Treated With Plate Fixation: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial. Dehghan N, Nauth A, Hall J, Vicente M, McKee MD, Schemitsch EH; Canadian Orthopaedic Trauma Society. J Orthop Trauma. 2021 Sep 1;35(9):465-471.
   
• Comparison of Outcomes After Triceps Split Versus Sparing Surgery for Extra-Articular Distal Humerus Fractures. Illical EM, Farrell DJ, Siska PA, Evans AR, Gruen GS, Tarkin IS. Injury. 2014 Oct;45(10):1545-8.
   
• Surgical Treatment of Intra-Articular Fractures of the Distal Part of the Humerus. Functional Outcome After Twelve to Thirty Years. Doornberg JN, van Duijn PJ, Linzel D, Ring DC, Zurakowski D, Marti RK, Kloen P. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007 Jul;89(7):1524-32.
   
• Extra-Articular Distal-Third Diaphyseal Fractures of the Humerus. A Comparison of Functional Bracing and Plate Fixation. Jawa A, McCarty P, Doornberg J, Harris M, Ring D. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006 Nov;88(11):2343-7.
   
• A Clinical Comparison of Two Different Double Plating Methods for Intraarticular Distal Humerus Fractures. Shin SJ, Sohn HS, Do NH. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2010 Jan;19(1):2-9.
   
• Predictors of Reoperation After Internal Fixation of Intra-Articular Distal Humerus Fractures. Somerson JS, Morrey ME, Sanchez-Sotelo J, Morrey BF. Shoulder Elbow. 2022 Feb;14(1):76-83.

• Dual Plating for Fractures of the Distal Third of the Humeral Shaft. Prasarn ML, Ahn J, Paul O, Morris EM, Kalandiak SP, Helfet DL, Lorich DG. J Orthop Trauma. 2011 Jan;25(1):57-63.

• A Multicenter, Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Trial of Open Reduction-Internal Fixation Versus Total Elbow for Displaced Intra-Articular Distal Humeral Fractures in Elderly Patients. McKee MD, Veillette CJ, Hall JA, Schemitsch EH, Wild LM, McCormack R, Perey B, Goetz T, Zomar M, Moon K, Mandel S, Petit S, Guy P, Leung I. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2009 Jan-Feb;18(1):3-12.

• Open Reduction and Internal Fixation Versus Total Elbow Arthroplasty for the Treatment of Geriatric Distal Humerus Fractures: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Githens M, Yao J, Sox AH, Bishop J. J Orthop Trauma. 2014 Aug;28(8):481-8.
   

HUMERAL SHAFT

CLASSIC

• Functional Bracing of Fractures of the Shaft of the Humerus. Sarmiento A, Kinman PB, Galvin EG, Schmitt RH, Phillips JG. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1977 Jul;59(5):596-601.

• Radial Nerve Palsy Caused by Open Humeral Shaft Fractures. Foster RJ, Swiontkowski MF, Bach AW, Sack JT. J Hand Surg Am. 1993 Jan;18(1):121-4.

• The Functional Outcome of Operative Treatment of Ununited Fractures of the Humeral Diaphysis in Older Patients. Ring D, Perey BH, Jupiter JB. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1999 Feb;81(2):177-90.

• Effect of Immediate Weightbearing on Plated Fractures of the Humeral Shaft. Tingstad EM, Wolinsky PR, Shyr Y, Johnson KD. J Trauma. 2000 Aug;49(2):278-80.

• Fixation of Fractures of the Shaft of the Humerus by Dynamic Compression Plate or Intramedullary Nail: A Prospective, Randomised Trial. McCormack RG, Brien D, Buckley RE, McKee MD, Powell J, Schemitsch EH. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2000 Apr;82(3):336-9.

• Compression Plating Versus Intramedullary Fixation of Humeral Shaft Fractures. Gregory PR, Sanders RW. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1997 Jul;5(4):215-223.

• Alternative Operative Exposures of the Posterior Aspect of the Humeral Diaphysis with Reference to the Radial Nerve. Gerwin M, Hotchkiss RN, Weiland AJ. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1996 Nov;78(11):1690-5.

• Functional Bracing for the Treatment of Fractures of the Humeral Diaphysis. Sarmiento A, Zagorski JB, Zych GA, Latta LL, Capps CA. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2000 Apr;82(4):478-86.

CURRENT EVIDENCE

• Factors Associated With Radial Nerve Palsy After Operative Treatment of Diaphyseal Humeral Shaft Fractures. Claessen FM, Peters RM, Verbeek DO, Helfet DL, Ring D. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2015 Nov;24(11):e307-11.

• Primary Radial Nerve Palsy in Patients With Acute Humeral Shaft Fractures. Ekholm R, Ponzer S, Törnkvist H, Adami J, Tidermark J. J Orthop Trauma. 2008 Jul;22(6):408-14.

• Intramedullary Nailing Versus Plate Fixation for Humeral Shaft Fractures: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Amer KM, Kurland AM, Smith B, Abdo Z, Amer R, Vosbikian MM, Ahmed IH. Arch Bone Jt Surg. 2022 Aug;10(8):661-667.

• Randomized, Prospective Comparison of Plate Versus Intramedullary Nail Fixation for Distal Tibia Shaft Fractures. Vallier HA, Cureton BA, Patterson BM. J Orthop Trauma. 2011 Dec;25(12):736-41.

• Apex of Triceps Aponeurosis: A Reliable Landmark to Localize the Radial Nerve. Arora S, Kashyap A, Garg R, Wadhawan A, Maini L. JBJS Essent Surg Tech. 2022 Sep 14;12(3):e21.00055.

• Identification of the Radial Nerve During the Posterior Approach to the Humerus: A Cadaveric Study. Seigerman DA, Choung EW, Yoon RS, Lu M, Frank MA, Gaines LC, Liporace FA. 2012 Apr;26(4):226-8.

• The Radiographic Union Score for Humeral Fractures (RUSHU) Predicts Humeral Shaft Nonunion. Oliver WM, Smith TJ, Nicholson JA, Molyneux SG, White TO, Clement ND, Duckworth AD. Bone Joint J. 2019 Oct;101-B(10):1300-1306.

• Predicting the Behavior of Humeral Shaft Fractures: An Independent Validation Study of the Radiographic Union Score for Humeral Fractures and Value of Assessing Fracture Mobility. Dekker AP, Chuttha S, Tambe AA, Clark DI. J Orthop Trauma. 2021 Oct 1;35(10):555-559.

• Routine Fixation of Humeral Shaft Fractures Is Cost-Effective: Cost-Utility Analysis of 215 Patients at a Mean of Five Years Following Nonoperative Management. Oliver WM, Molyneux SG, White TO, Clement ND, Duckworth AD. Bone Jt Open. 2022 Jul;3(7):566-572.

• Open Reduction and Internal Fixation for Humeral Shaft Nonunion: Bone Grafting Is Not Routinely Required and Avoids Donor Site Morbidity. Oliver WM, Molyneux SG, White TO, Clement ND, Duckworth AD, Keating JF. J Orthop Trauma. 2021 Aug 1;35(8):414-423.

• Fractures of the Humerus with Radial-Nerve Paralysis. HOLSTEIN A, LEWIS GM. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1963 Oct;45:1382-8.

• Fractures of the Shaft of the Humerus. Klenerman L. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1966 Feb;48(1):105-11.

• A Method To Localize the Radial Nerve Using the ‘Apex of Triceps Aponeurosis’ as a Landmark. Arora S, Goel N, Cheema GS, Batra S, Maini L. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011 Sep;469(9):2638-44.

• Surgical Exposures of the Humerus. Zlotolow DA, Catalano LW 3rd, Barron OA, Glickel SZ. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2006 Dec;14(13):754-65.

• Fracture Site Mobility at 6 Weeks After Humeral Shaft Fracture Predicts Nonunion Without Surgery. Driesman AS, Fisher N, Karia R, Konda S, Egol KA. J Orthop Trauma. 2017 Dec;31(12):657-662.

• Risk Factors for Fracture Mobility Six Weeks After Initiation of Brace Treatment of Mid-Diaphyseal Humeral Fractures. Neuhaus V, Menendez M, Kurylo JC, Dyer GS, Jawa A, Ring D. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014 Mar 5;96(5):403-7.

• Outcome After Closed Functional Treatment of Humeral Shaft Fractures. Ekholm R, Tidermark J, Törnkvist H, Adami J, Ponzer S. J Orthop Trauma. 2006 Oct;20(9):591-6.
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

PEDIATRIC SUPRACONDYLAR

CURRENT EVIDENCE

• Management of the Pulseless Pediatric Supracondylar Humeral Fracture. Badkoobehi H, Choi PD, Bae DS, Skaggs DL. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2015 Jun 3;97(11):937-43.

• Lateral Entry Compared With Medial and Lateral Entry Pin Fixation for Completely Displaced Supracondylar Humeral Fractures in Children. A Randomized Clinical Trial. Kocher MS, Kasser JR, Waters PM, Bae D, Snyder BD, Hresko MT, Hedequist D, Karlin L, Kim YJ, Murray MM, Millis MB, Emans JB, Dichtel L, Matheney T, Lee BM. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007 Apr;89(4):706-12.

• Supracondylar Humeral Fractures in Children: Beware the Medial Spike. Lim KB, Lim CT, Tawng DK. Bone Joint J. 2013 Sep;95-B(9):1290-4.

• Type II Supracondylar Humerus Fractures: Can Some Be Treated Nonoperatively? Spencer HT, Dorey FJ, Zionts LE, Dichter DH, Wong MA, Moazzaz P, Silva M. J Pediatr Orthop. 2012 Oct-Nov;32(7):675-81.

• Pediatric Supracondylar Humerus Fractures: AAOS Appropriate Use Criteria Versus Actual Management at a Pediatric Level 1 Trauma Center. Wang JH, Morris WZ, Bafus BT, Liu RW. J Pediatr Orthop. 2019 Sep;39(8):e578-e585.

• Gartland Type IIa Supracondylar Humerus Fractures: Outcomes of Attempted Nonoperative Management. McCartney CC, Thompson S, Waller G, Parker J, Hart T, Malloy K, Chong D. J Pediatr Orthop. 2022 Jul 1;42(6):314-320.

• Results of Displaced Supracondylar Humerus Fractures Treated With Open Reduction and Internal Fixation After a Mean 22.4 Years of Follow-Up. Guven MF, Kaynak G, Inan M, Caliskan G, Unlu HB, Kesmezacar H. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2015 Apr;24(4):640-6.

• Natural History of Unreduced Gartland Type-II Supracondylar Fractures of the Humerus in Children: A Two to Thirteen-Year Follow-Up Study. Moraleda L, Valencia M, Barco R, González-Moran G. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013 Jan 2;95(1):28-34.