These articles have been recommended as excellent sources of educational information. The permission of each varies. 

DISTAL HUMERUS

CLASSIC

• A Comparison of Open Reduction and Internal Fixation and Primary Total Elbow Arthroplasty in the Treatment of Intraarticular Distal Humerus Fractures in Women Older Than Age 65. Frankle MA, Herscovici D Jr, DiPasquale TG, Vasey MB, Sanders RW. J Orthop Trauma. 2003 Aug;17(7):473-80.

• Distal Humeral Fractures Treated with Noncustom Total Elbow Replacement. Kamineni S, Morrey BF. Surgical technique. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005 Mar;87 Suppl 1(Pt 1):41-50.

• Functional Outcome Following Surgical Treatment of Intra-Articular Distal Humeral Fractures Through a Posterior Approach. McKee MD, Wilson TL, Winston L, Schemitsch EH, Richards RR. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2000 Dec;82(12):1701-7.

• Coronal Shear Fractures of the Distal End of the Humerus. McKee MD, Jupiter JB, Bamberger HB. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1996 Jan;78(1):49-54..

• Articular Fractures of the Distal Part of the Humerus. Ring D, Jupiter JB, Gulotta L. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003 Feb;85(2):232-8.

• Biomechanical Evaluation of Methods of Internal Fixation of the Distal Humerus. Schemitsch EH, Tencer AF, Henley MB. J Orthop Trauma. 1994 Dec;8(6):468-75.

CURRENT EVIDENCE

• Open Reduction And Internal Fixation Versus Total Elbow Arthroplasty For The Treatment Of Geriatric Distal Humerus Fractures: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Githens M, Yao J, Sox AH, Bishop J. J Orthop Trauma. 2014 Aug;28(8):481-8.

• Long-Term Outcomes of Total Elbow Arthroplasty for Distal Humeral Fracture: Results From a Prior Randomized Clinical Trial. Dehghan N, Furey M, Schemitsch L, Ristevski B, Goetz T, Schemitsch EH; Canadian Orthopaedic Trauma Society (COTS); McKee M. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2019 Nov;28(11):2198-2204.

• Functional Outcome After Open Reduction Internal Fixation of Intra-Articular Fractures of the Distal Humerus in the Elderly. Huang JI, Paczas M, Hoyen HA, Vallier HA. J Orthop Trauma. 2011 May;25(5):259-65.

• Surgical Approaches for Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Intra-Articular Distal Humerus Fractures in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sharma S, John R, Dhillon MS, Kishore K. Injury. 2018 Aug;49(8):1381-1391.

• A Multicenter, Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Trial of Open Reduction–Internal Fixation Versus Total Elbow Arthroplasty for Displaced Intra-Articular Distal Humeral Fractures in Elderly Patients. McKee MD, Veillette CJ, Hall JA, Schemitsch EH, Wild LM, McCormack R, Perey B, Goetz T, Zomar M, Moon K, Mandel S, Petit S, Guy P, Leung I. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2009 Jan-Feb;18(1):3-12.

• Olecranon Osteotomy for Exposure of Fractures and Nonunions of the Distal Humerus. Ring D, Gulotta L, Chin K, Jupiter JB. J Orthop Trauma. 2004 Aug;18(7):446-9.

• Outcome After Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Capitellar and Trochlear Fractures. Dubberley JH, Faber KJ, Macdermid JC, Patterson SD, King GJ. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006 Jan;88(1):46-54.

• Surgical Techniques: Distal Humerus Fractures. Anglen J. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2005 Sep;13(5):291-7.
   
• In Situ Placement Versus Anterior Transposition of the Ulnar Nerve for Distal Humerus Fractures Treated With Plate Fixation: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial. Dehghan N, Nauth A, Hall J, Vicente M, McKee MD, Schemitsch EH; Canadian Orthopaedic Trauma Society. J Orthop Trauma. 2021 Sep 1;35(9):465-471.
   
• Comparison of Outcomes After Triceps Split Versus Sparing Surgery for Extra-Articular Distal Humerus Fractures. Illical EM, Farrell DJ, Siska PA, Evans AR, Gruen GS, Tarkin IS. Injury. 2014 Oct;45(10):1545-8.
   
• Surgical Treatment of Intra-Articular Fractures of the Distal Part of the Humerus. Functional Outcome After Twelve to Thirty Years. Doornberg JN, van Duijn PJ, Linzel D, Ring DC, Zurakowski D, Marti RK, Kloen P. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007 Jul;89(7):1524-32.
   
• Extra-Articular Distal-Third Diaphyseal Fractures of the Humerus. A Comparison of Functional Bracing and Plate Fixation. Jawa A, McCarty P, Doornberg J, Harris M, Ring D. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006 Nov;88(11):2343-7.
   
• A Clinical Comparison of Two Different Double Plating Methods for Intraarticular Distal Humerus Fractures. Shin SJ, Sohn HS, Do NH. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2010 Jan;19(1):2-9.
   
• Predictors of Reoperation After Internal Fixation of Intra-Articular Distal Humerus Fractures. Somerson JS, Morrey ME, Sanchez-Sotelo J, Morrey BF. Shoulder Elbow. 2022 Feb;14(1):76-83.

• Dual Plating for Fractures of the Distal Third of the Humeral Shaft. Prasarn ML, Ahn J, Paul O, Morris EM, Kalandiak SP, Helfet DL, Lorich DG. J Orthop Trauma. 2011 Jan;25(1):57-63.

• A Multicenter, Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Trial of Open Reduction-Internal Fixation Versus Total Elbow for Displaced Intra-Articular Distal Humeral Fractures in Elderly Patients. McKee MD, Veillette CJ, Hall JA, Schemitsch EH, Wild LM, McCormack R, Perey B, Goetz T, Zomar M, Moon K, Mandel S, Petit S, Guy P, Leung I. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2009 Jan-Feb;18(1):3-12.

• Open Reduction and Internal Fixation Versus Total Elbow Arthroplasty for the Treatment of Geriatric Distal Humerus Fractures: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Githens M, Yao J, Sox AH, Bishop J. J Orthop Trauma. 2014 Aug;28(8):481-8.
   

HUMERAL SHAFT

CLASSIC

• Functional Bracing of Fractures of the Shaft of the Humerus. Sarmiento A, Kinman PB, Galvin EG, Schmitt RH, Phillips JG. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1977 Jul;59(5):596-601.

• Radial Nerve Palsy Caused by Open Humeral Shaft Fractures. Foster RJ, Swiontkowski MF, Bach AW, Sack JT. J Hand Surg Am. 1993 Jan;18(1):121-4.

• The Functional Outcome of Operative Treatment of Ununited Fractures of the Humeral Diaphysis in Older Patients. Ring D, Perey BH, Jupiter JB. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1999 Feb;81(2):177-90.

• Effect of Immediate Weightbearing on Plated Fractures of the Humeral Shaft. Tingstad EM, Wolinsky PR, Shyr Y, Johnson KD. J Trauma. 2000 Aug;49(2):278-80.

• Fixation of Fractures of the Shaft of the Humerus by Dynamic Compression Plate or Intramedullary Nail: A Prospective, Randomised Trial. McCormack RG, Brien D, Buckley RE, McKee MD, Powell J, Schemitsch EH. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2000 Apr;82(3):336-9.

• Compression Plating Versus Intramedullary Fixation of Humeral Shaft Fractures. Gregory PR, Sanders RW. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1997 Jul;5(4):215-223.

• Alternative Operative Exposures of the Posterior Aspect of the Humeral Diaphysis with Reference to the Radial Nerve. Gerwin M, Hotchkiss RN, Weiland AJ. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1996 Nov;78(11):1690-5.

• Functional Bracing for the Treatment of Fractures of the Humeral Diaphysis. Sarmiento A, Zagorski JB, Zych GA, Latta LL, Capps CA. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2000 Apr;82(4):478-86.

CURRENT EVIDENCE

• Lateral Approach to the Humeral Shaft: An Alternative Approach for Fracture Treatment. Mills WJ, Hanel DP, Smith DG. J Orthop Trauma. 1996;10(2):81-6.

• Fractures of the Shaft of the Humerus. Author: Klenerman L. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1966 Feb;48(1):105-11.
   
• Fractures of the Humerus with radial nerve paralysis.  Author: Holstein A, Lewis GM. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1963 Oct;45:1382-8.
   
• Radial Nerve Palsy Associated with Fractures of the Shaft of the Humerus: A Systematic Review. Author: Shao YC, Harwood P, Grotz MR, Limb D, Giannoudis PV.J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2005 Dec;87(12):1647-52.
   
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• Functional Bracing of Fractures of the Shaft of the Humerus.   Author: Sarmiento A, Kinman PB, Galvin EG, Schmitt RH, Phillips JG.    J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1977 Jul;59(5):596-601.
   
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• Outcome after Closed Functional Treatment of Humeral Shaft Fractures Author: Radford Ekholm, MD,* Jan Tidermark, MD, PhD,* Hans To¨rnkvist, MD, PhD,* Johanna Adami, MD, PhD,† and Sari Ponzer, MD, PhD* Journal: JOT Volume: Vol. 20, No. 9, Oct 2006, pp 591-596
   
• Humeral shaft fractures: retrospective results of non-operative and operative treatment of 186 patients. Author: Mahabier KC, Vogels LM, Punt BJ, et al. Injury. 2013 Apr;44(4):427-30.
   
• Surgical Versus Non-Surgical Interventions for Treating Humeral Shaft Fractures in Adults.   Author: Gosler MW, Testroote M, Morrenhof JW, Janzing HM. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Jan 18;1:CD008832.
   
• Risk Factors for Fracture Mobility Six Weeks After Initiation of Brace Treatment of Mid-Diaphyseal Humeral Fractures.   Author: Neuhaus V, Menendez M, Kurylo JC, Dyer GS, Jawa A, Ring DJ Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014 Mar 5;96(5):403-7.
   
• Fracture Site Mobility at 6 Weeks After Humeral Shaft Fracture Predicts Nonunion Without Surgery. Author: Driesman AS, Fisher N, Karia R, et al. J Orthop Trauma. 2017 Dec;31(12):657-662.
   
• Surgical Exposures of the Humerus Author: Dan A. Zlotolow, MD, Louis W. Catalano III, MD, O. Alton Barron, MD, Steven Z. Glickel, MD Journal: JAAOS Volume: Vol. 14, No. 13, Dec 2006, pp 754-765
   
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• A Method to Localize the Radial Nerve Using the 'Apex of Triceps Aponeurosis' as a Landmark.   Author: Arora S, Goel N, Cheema GS, Batra S, Maini L.      Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011 Sep;469(9):2638-44.
   
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• Randomized Prospective Study of Humeral Shaft Fracture Fixation: Intramedullary Nails Versus Plates  Author: Chapman, Jens R.; Henley, M. Bradford; Agel, Julie; Benca, Paul J.* Journal: JOT Volume: Vol. 14, No. 3, March/April 2000, pp 162-166
   
• Plate Versus Intramedullary Nail Fixation in the Treatment of Humeral Shaft Fractures: An Updated Meta-Analysis Author: Ouyang H, Xiong J, Xiang P, Cui Z, Chen L, Yu B.J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2013 Mar;22(3):387-95
   
• A meta-analysis of plate fixation versus intramedullary nailing for humeral shaft fractures. Wang X, Chen Z, Shao Y, et al. J Orthop Sci. 2013 May;18(3):388-97.
   
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PROXIMAL HUMERUS

• See “Shoulder” section
   

PEDIATRIC SUPRACONDYLAR

• Natural History of Unreduced Gartland Type-II Supracondylar Fractures of the Humerus in Children: A Two to Thirteen-Year Follow-up Study. Author: Moraleda L, Valencia M, Barco R, González-Moran G. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013 Jan 2;95(1):28-34.
   
• Type II Supracondylar Humerus Fractures: Can Some be Treated Nonoperatively? Author: Spencer HT, Dorey FJ, Zionts LE, Dichter DH, Wong MA, Moazzaz P, Silva M. J Pediatr Orthop. 2012 Oct-Nov; 32(7)
   
• Supracondylar Humeral Fractures in Children: Beware the Medial Spike.   Author: Lim KB, Lim CT, Tawng DK    Bone Joint J. 2013 Sep; 95-B(9):1290-4.
   
• Management of the pulseless pediatric supracondylar humeral fracture. Author: Badkoobehi H, Choi PD, Bae DS, et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2015 Jun 3;97(11):937-43.