These articles have been recommended as excellent sources of educational information. The permission of each varies. 

CLAVICLE FRACTURE

CURRENT EVIDENCE

• Open Reduction and Plate Fixation Versus Nonoperative Treatment for Displaced Midshaft Clavicular Fractures: A Multicenter, Randomized, Controlled Trial. Robinson CM, Goudie EB, Murray IR, Jenkins PJ, Ahktar MA, Read EO, Foster CJ, Clark K, Brooksbank AJ, Arthur A, Crowther MA, Packham I, Chesser TJ.J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013 Sep 4; 95(17):1576-84

• Open Clavicle Fractures: Patterns of Trauma and Associated Injuries. Gottschalk HP, Dumont G, Khanani S, et al. J Orthop Trauma. 2012 Feb;26(2):107-9.

• Plate Fixation Compared with Nonoperative Treatment for Displaced Midshaft Clavicular Fractures: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial. Woltz S, Stegeman SA, Krijnen P, van Dijkman BA, van Thiel TP, Schep NW, de Rijcke PA, Frölke JP, Schipper IB. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2017 Jan 18;99(2):106-112.

• Nonoperative Treatment Compared with Plate Fixation of Displaced Midshaft Clavicular Fractures: A Multicenter, Randomized Clinical Trial. The Canadian Orthopaedic Trauma Society Journal: JBJS Volume: Vol. 89-A, No. 1, Jan 2007, pp 1-10.

• Midshaft Fractures of the Clavicle: A Meta-analysis Comparing Surgical Fixation Using Anteroinferior Plating Versus Superior Plating. Nourian A, Dhaliwal S, Vangala S, Vezeridis PS. J Orthop Trauma. 2017 Sep;31(9):461-467.

• Plate Fixation or Intramedullary Fixation for Midshaft Clavicle Fractures: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials and Observational Studies. Houwert RM, Smeeing DP, Ahmed Ali U, Hietbrink F, Kruyt MC, van der Meijden OA. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2016 Jul;25(7):1195-203.

• What Is the Best Evidence for Management of Displaced Midshaft Clavicle Fractures? A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis of 22 Randomized Controlled Trials. Axelrod DE, Ekhtiari S, Bozzo A, Bhandari M, Johal H. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2020 Feb;478(2):392-402.

• Association of Ipsilateral Rib Fractures With Displacement of Midshaft Clavicle Fractures. Stahl D, Ellington M, Brennan K, Brennan M. J Orthop Trauma. 2017 Apr;31(4):225-228.

• Natural History of Anterior Chest Wall Numbness After Plating of Clavicle Fractures: Educating Patients. Christensen TJ, Horwitz DS, Kubiak EN. J Orthop Trauma. 2014 Nov;28(11):642-7.

• Dual Mini-Fragment Plating Is Comparable With Precontoured Small Fragment Plating for Operative Diaphyseal Clavicle Fractures: A Retrospective Cohort Study. DeBaun MR, Chen MJ, Campbell ST, Goodnough LH, Lai C, Salazar BP, Bishop JA, Gardner MJ. J Orthop Trauma. 2020 Jul;34(7):e229-e232.

• Estimating the Risk of Nonunion Following Nonoperative Treatment of a Clavicular Fracture. Robinson CM, Court-Brown CM, McQueen MM, Wakefield AE. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004 Jul;86(7):1359-65.

• The Long-term Outcome of Displaced Mid-Third Clavicle Fractures on Scapular and Shoulder Function: Variations Between Immediate Surgery, Delayed Surgery, and Nonsurgical Management. George DM, McKay BP, Jaarsma RL.J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2014 Nov 18. pii: S1058-2746(14)00536-9.1

• Plate Fixation of Midshaft Clavicle Fractures for Delayed Union and Non-Union Is a Cost-Effective Intervention but Functional Deficits Persist at Long-Term Follow-Up. Fox B, Clement ND, MacDonald DJ, Robinson M, Nicholson JA. Shoulder Elbow. 2022 Aug;14(4):360-367.

• The Influence of Shortening on Clinical Outcome in Healed Displaced Midshaft Clavicular Fractures After Nonoperative Treatment. Goudie EB, Clement ND, Murray IR, et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2017 Jul 19;99(14):1166-1172.

• Anterior-Inferior Plating Results in Fewer Secondary Interventions Compared to Superior Plating for Acute Displaced Midshaft Clavicle Fractures. Serrano R, Borade A, Mir H, Shah A, Watson D, Infante A, Frankle MA, Mighell MA, Sagi HC, Horwitz DS, Sanders RW. J Orthop Trauma. 2017 Sep;31(9):468-471.

• Midshaft Fractures of the Clavicle: A Meta-analysis Comparing Surgical Fixation Using Anteroinferior Plating Versus Superior Plating. Nourian A, Dhaliwal S, Vangala S, Vezeridis PS. J Orthop Trauma. 2017 Sep;31(9):461-467.

• Plate Fixation Versus Nonoperative Treatment for Displaced Midshaft Clavicular Fractures: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Woltz S, Krijnen P, Schipper IB. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2017 Jun 21;99(12):1051-1057.
  
   

LATERAL CLAVICLE

CURRENT EVIDENCE

• Surgical Versus Nonsurgical Treatment of Lateral Clavicle Fractures: A Short-Term Follow-Up of Treatment and Complications in 122 Patients. Kihlström C, Hailer NP, Wolf O. J Orthop Trauma. 2021 Dec 1;35(12):667-672.

• Primary Nonoperative Treatment of Displaced Lateral Fractures of the Clavicle. Robinson CM, Cairns DA. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004 Apr;86(4):778-82.

• Biomechanical Analysis of Plating Techniques for Unstable Lateral Clavicle Fractures With Coracoclavicular Ligament Disruption (Neer Type IIB). Jo OI, Almond M, Rupansinghe HS, Ackland DC, Ernstbrunner L, Ek ET. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2023 Apr;32(4):695-702.

• Long-Term Clinical and Radiological Results After Hook Plate Osteosynthesis of Lateral Clavicle Fractures. Baunach D, Eid K, Ricks M, Borbas P. J Orthop Trauma. 2021 Jul 1;35(7):378-383.

SCAPULA FRACTURE

CLASSIC

• A Modified Judet Approach to the Scapula. William T. Obremskey, MD, MPH,* and Jeffrey R. Lyman, MD† Journal: JOT Volume: Vol. 18, No. 10, Nov/Dec 2004, pp 696-699

• Double Disruptions of the Superior Shoulder Suspensory Complex. Thomas P. Goss Journal: JOT Volume: Vol. 7, No. 2, 1993, pp 99-106

• Nonoperative Treatment of Ipsilateral Fractures of the Scapula and Clavicle. Scott G. Edwards, M.D.†, A. Paige Whittle, M.D.†, and George W. Wood, II, M.D.† Journal: JBJS Volume: Vol. 82-A, No. 6, June 2000, pp 774-780

• Scapular Fractures and Dislocations: Diagnosis and Treatment. Thomas P. Goss, MD Journal: JAAOS Volume: Vol. 3, No. 1, Jan/Feb 1995, pp 22-33

CURRENT EVIDENCE

• Functional Outcomes After Operative Management of Extra-Articular Glenoid Neck and Scapular Body Fractures. Schroder LK, Gauger EM, Gilbertson JA, Cole PA. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2016 Oct 5;98(19):1623-1630.

• Five to Ten-Year Outcomes of Operatively Treated Scapular Fractures. Tatro JM, Gilbertson JA, Schroder LK, Cole PA. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2018 May 16;100(10):871-878.

• Posterior Scapula Approaches: Extensile and Modified Judet. Cole PA, Dugarte AJ. J Orthop Trauma. 2018 Aug;32 Suppl 1:S10-S11.

• Conservative Treatment of Scapular Neck Fracture: The Effect of Stability and Glenopolar Angle on Clinical Outcome. Bozkurt M, Can F, Kirdemir V, Erden Z, Demirkale I, Başbozkurt M. Injury. 2005 Oct;36(10):1176-81.

• Treatment of Scapula Fractures: Systematic Review of 520 Fractures in 22 Case Series. Michael Zlowodzki, MD, Mohit Bhandari, MD, MSc, Boris A. Zelle, MD, Philip J. Kregor, MD, and Peter A. Cole, MD Journal: JOT Volume: Vol. 20, No. 3, March 2006, pp 230-233

• Surgical and Functional Outcomes After Operative Management of Complex and Displaced Intra-Articular Glenoid Fractures. Anavian J, Gauger EM, Schroder LK, Wijdicks CA, Cole PA. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012;94(7):645-653.

• The Floating Shoulder: Clinical and Functional Results. Kenneth A. Egol, Patrick M. Connor, Madhav A. Karunakar, Stephen H. Sims, Michael J. Bosse and James F. Kellam Journal: JBJS Volume: Vol. 83-A, No. 8, Aug 2001, pp 1188-1194

• Analysis of Operative Versus Nonoperative Treatment of Displaced Scapular Fractures. Jones CB, Sietsema DL. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011 Dec;469(12):3379-89.

• CT Evaluation of Extra-Articular Glenoid Neck Fractures: Does the Glenoid Medialize or Does the Scapula Lateralize? Patterson JM, Galatz L, Streubel PN, et al. J Orthop Trauma. 2012 Jun;26(6):360-3.

• Understanding the Concept of Medialization in Scapula Fractures. Zuckerman SL, Song Y, Obremskey WT. J Orthop Trauma. 2012 Jun;26(6):350-7.

• Acute Fractures of the Glenoid. Seidl AJ, Joyce CD. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2020 Nov 15;28(22):e978-e987.

AC JOINT INJURIES

CURRENT EVIDENCE

• General Health Status After Nonoperative Versus Operative Treatment for Acute, Complete Acromioclavicular Joint Dislocation: Results of a Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial. Mah JM; Canadian Orthopaedic Trauma Society (COTS). J Orthop Trauma. 2017 Sep;31(9):485-490.

• Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial of Nonoperative Versus Operative Treatment of Acute Acromio-Clavicular Joint Dislocation. Author: Canadian Orthopaedic Trauma Society. J Orthop Trauma. 2015 Nov;29(11):479-87.

• No Difference in Clinical Outcome at 2-Year Follow-Up in Patients With Type III and V Acromioclavicular Joint Dislocation Treated With Hook Plate or Physiotherapy: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Boström Windhamre H, von Heideken J, Une-Larsson V, Ekström W, Ekelund A. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2022 Jun;31(6):1122-1136.

• Open Reduction and Tunneled Suspensory Device Fixation Compared with Nonoperative Treatment for Type-III and Type-IV Acromioclavicular Joint Dislocations: The ACORN Prospective, Randomized Controlled Trial. Murray IR, Robinson PG, Goudie EB, Duckworth AD, Clark K, Robinson CM. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2018 Nov 21;100(22):1912-1918.
  

PROXIMAL HUMERUS

CLASSIC

• Percutaneous Stabilization of Unstable Fractures of the Humerus. Jaberg H, Warner JJ, Jakob RP. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1992;74(4):508-515.

• Predictors of Humeral Head Ischemia after Intracapsular Fracture of the Proximal Humerus. Hertel R, Hempfing A, Stiehler M, Leunig M.    J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2004 Jul-Aug;13(4):427-33.

• Displaced Proximal Humeral Fractures. I. Classification and Evaluation. Neer CS II. Bone Joint Surg Am. 1970;52(6):1077-1089.

• Interventions for Treating Proximal Humeral Fractures in Adults (Review) *Permission granted for Abstract link to Cochrane Review Access and Summary.  Author: Handoll HHG, Madhok R Journal: Cochrane Review Volume: © 2007
   

CURRENT EVIDENCE

• Complications and Long-Term Outcomes of Open Reduction and Plate Fixation of Proximal Humeral Fractures. Robinson CM, Stirling PHC, Goudie EB, MacDonald DJ, Strelzow JA. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2019 Dec 4;101(23):2129-2139.

• Factors that Influence Reduction Loss in Proximal Humerus Fracture Surgery. Jung SW, Shim SB, Kim HM, Lee JH, Lim HS.   J Orthop Trauma. 2014 Dec 2.

• Intermediate Outcomes Following Percutaneous Fixation of Proximal Humeral Fractures. Harrison AK, Gruson KI, Zmistowski B, Keener J, Galatz L, Williams G, Parsons BO, Flatow EL.   J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012 Jul 3;94(13):1223-8

• Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty Provides Better Shoulder Function Than Hemiarthroplasty for Displaced 3- and 4-Part Proximal Humeral Fractures in Patients Aged 70 Years or Older: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial. Jonsson EÖ, Ekholm C, Salomonsson B, Demir Y, Olerud P; Collaborators in the SAPF Study Group. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2021 May;30(5):994-1006.

• Reverse or Hemi Shoulder Arthroplasty in Proximal Humerus Fractures: A Single-Blinded Prospective Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial. Laas N, Engelsma Y, Hagemans FJA, Hoelen MA, van Deurzen DFP, Burger BJ. J Orthop Trauma. 2021 May 1;35(5):252-258.

• Tuberosity Healing After Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty for Complex Proximal Humeral Fractures in Elderly Patients-Does It Improve Outcomes? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Jain NP, Mannan SS, Dharmarajan R, Rangan A. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2019 Mar;28(3):e78-e91.

• Acute Surgical Management of Proximal Humerus Fractures: ORIF vs. Hemiarthroplasty vs. Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty. Yahuaca BI, Simon P, Christmas KN, Patel S, Gorman RA 2nd, Mighell MA, Frankle MA. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2020 Jul;29(7S):S32-S40.

• Meta-Analysis of Joint Preservation versus Arthroplasty for the Treatment of Displaced 3- and 4-Part Fractures of the Proximal Humerus. Gomberawalla MM, Miller BS, Coale RM, Bedi A, Gagnier JJ.   Injury. 2013 Nov; 44(11):1532-9  

• Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Proximal Humeral Fractures with Use of the Locking Proximal Humerus Plate. Results of a Prospective, Multicenter, Observational Study. Sudkamp N, Bayer J, Hepp P, et al.  J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009; 91(6):1320-1328.

• Internal Fixation Versus Nonoperative Treatment of Displaced 3-Part Proximal Humeral Fractures in Elderly Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Olerud P, Ahrengart L, Ponzer S, Saving J, Tidermark J. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2011;20(5):747-755.

• Surgical vs Nonsurgical Treatment of Adults with Displaced Fractures of the Proximal Humerus: the PROFHER Randomized Clinical Trial. Rangan A, Handoll H, Brealey S, Jefferson L, Keding A, Martin BC, Goodchild L, Chuang LH, Hewitt C, Torgerson D; PROFHER Trial Collaborators.JAMA. 2015 Mar 10;313(10):1037-47.  

• Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty Is the Most Cost-effective Treatment Strategy for Proximal Humerus Fractures in Older Adults: A Cost-utility Analysis. Abdel Khalik H, Humphries B, Zoratti M, Axelrod D, Kruse C, Ristevski B, Rajaratnam K, Gardner M, Tarride JÉ, Johal H. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2022 Oct 1;480(10):2013-2026.

• Superior Outcomes With Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty versus Nonoperative Management for Proximal Humerus Fractures: A Matched Cohort Analysis. Haws BE, Samborski SA, Karnyski S, Soles G, Gorczyca JT, Nicandri GT, Voloshin I, Ketz JP. J Orthop Trauma. 2023 Jun 1;37(6):e247-e252.

• Current Role of Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty for Fractures of the Proximal Humerus. Saunders PE, Walker JB, Lederman E, McKee MD. J Orthop Trauma. 2022 Mar 1;36(3):e98-e105.
  

SHOULDER DISLOCATION

CLASSIC

• Iatrogenic Displacement of Fracture-Dislocations of the Shoulder. A Report of Seven Cases. Hersche O, Gerber C. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1994 Jan;76(1):30-3.

• Fracture Dislocations of the Proximal Humerus Treated With Open Reduction and Internal Fixation: A Systematic Review. Miltenberg B, Masood R, Katsiaunis A, Moverman MA, Puzzitiello RN, Pagani NR, Menendez ME, Salzler MJ, Drager J. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2022 Oct;31(10):e480-e489.

CURRENT EVIDENCE

• Management of First-Time Dislocations of the Shoulder in Patients Older than 40 Years: The Prevalence of Iatrogenic Fracture. Atoun E, Narvani A, Even T, Dabasia H, Van Tongel A, Sforza G, Levy O. J Orthop Trauma. 2013 Apr; 27(4):190-3.

• Proximal Humeral Fracture-Dislocations: Which Patterns Can Be Reduced in the Emergency Department? Green A, Choi P, Lubitz M, Aaron DL, Swart E. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2022 Apr;31(4):792-798.

• Assessing the Effectiveness of Evidence-Based Medicine in Practice: A Case Study of First-Time Anterior Shoulder Dislocations. Hutyra CA, Streufert B, Politzer CS, Agaba P, Rubin E, Orlando LA, Taylor DC, Mather RC 3rd. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2019 Jan 16;101(2):e6.

MISC

CURRENT EVIDENCE

• Shoulder Girdle: Patterns of Trauma and Associated Injuries. Gottschalk HP, Browne RH, Starr AJ. J Orthop Trauma. 2011 May;25(5):266-71.

• Functional Outcomes of Operative Fixation of Clavicle Fractures in Patients With Floating Shoulder Girdle Injuries. Gilde AK, Hoffmann MF, Sietsema DL, Jones CB. J Orthop Traumatol. 2015 Sep;16(3):221-7.

• Floating Shoulder: Myths and Reality. Bartoníček J, Tuček M, Naňka O. JBJS Rev. 2018 Oct;6(10):e5.