These articles have been recommended as excellent sources of educational information. The permission of each varies. 

PILON FRACTURES

CLASSIC

• Fractures of the Lower End of the Tibia into the Ankle Joint: Results 9 Years After Open Reduction and Internal Fixation. Rüedi T. Injury. 1973 Nov;5(2):130-4.

• Outcomes After Treatment of High-Energy Tibial Plafond Fractures. Andrew N. Pollak, Melissa L. McCarthy, R. Shay Bess, Julie Agel and Marc F. Swiontkowski Journal: JBJS Volume: Vol. 85-A, No. 10, Oct 2003, pp 1893-1900

• The Sequential Recovery of Health Status After Tibial Plafond Fractures. Marsh JL, McKinley T, Dirschl D, Pick A, Haft G, Anderson DD, Brown T. J Orthop Trauma. 2010 Aug;24(8):499-504.

• A Staged Protocol for Soft Tissue Management in the Treatment of Complex Pilon Fractures. Sirkin M, Sanders R, DiPasquale T, Herscovici D Jr. J Orthop Trauma. 2004 Sep;18(8 Suppl):S32-8.

• Complications Encountered in the Treatment of Pilon Fractures. McFerran MA, Smith SW, Boulas HJ, Schwartz HS. J Orthop Trauma. 1992;6(2):195-200.

• Complications After Treatment of Tibial Pilon Fractures: Prevention and Management Strategies. David B. Thordarson, MD Journal: JAAOS Volume: Vol. 8, No. 4, July/Aug 2000, pp 253-265

•  Pilon Fractures: Treatment with Combined Internal and External Fixation. Tornetta P III, Weiner L, Bergman M, et al. J Orthop Trauma. 1993; 7(6):489-496.

• Fractures of the Lower End of the Tibia Into the Ankle Joint: Results 9 Years After Open Reduction and Internal Fixation. Rüedi T. Injury. 1973 Nov;5(2):130-4.

CURRENT EVIDENCE

• Pilon Fractures: Treatment With Combined Internal and External Fixation. Tornetta P 3rd, Weiner L, Bergman M, Watnik N, Steuer J, Kelley M, Yang E. J Orthop Trauma. 1993;7(6):489-96.

• Computed Tomography Assessment of Peroneal Tendon Displacement and Posteromedial Structure Entrapment in Pilon Fractures. Fokin A Jr, Huntley SR, Summers SH, Lawrie CM, Miranda AD, Caban-Martinez AJ, Steinlauf SD. J Orthop Trauma. 2016 Nov;30(11):627-633.

• The Pilon Map: Fracture Lines and Comminution Zones in OTA/AO Type 43C3 Pilon Fractures. Cole PA, Mehrle RK, Bhandari M, Zlowodzki M. J Orthop Trauma. 2013 Jul;27(7):e152-6.

• Operative Treatment of Fractures of the Tibial Plafond. A Randomized, Prospective Study. Brad Wyrsch, Mark A. McFerran, Mark McAndrew, Thomas J. Limbird, Marion C. Harper, Kenneth D. Johnson and Herbert S. Schwartz Journal: JBJS Volume: Vol. 78-A, No. 11, Nov 1996

• Does the Fibula Need to be Fixed in Complex Pilon Fractures? Kurylo JC, Datta N, Iskander KN, Tornetta P 3rd. J Orthop Trauma. 2015 Sep;29(9):424-7.

• Randomized, Prospective Comparison of Plate Versus Intramedullary Nail Fixation for Distal Tibia Shaft Fractures. Vallier HA, Cureton BA, Patterson BM. J Orthop Trauma. 2011 Dec;25(12):736-41.

• Comparison of Two-Staged ORIF and Limited Internal Fixation with External Fixator for Closed Tibial Plafond Fractures. Wang C, Li Y, Huang L, Wang M.   Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2010;130(10):1289-1297.

• Treatment of Distal Tibia Fractures Without Articular Involvement: A Systematic Review of 1125 Fractures. Zelle BA, Bhandari M, Espiritu M, Koval KJ, Zlowodzki M; Evidence-Based Orthopaedic Trauma Working Group. J Orthop Trauma. 2006 Jan;20(1):76-9.

•  The Results of Early Primary Open Reduction and Internal Fixation for Treatment of OTA 43.C-type Tibial Pilon Fractures: A Cohort Study.White TO, Guy P, Cooke CJ, et al.J Orthop Trauma. 2010; 24(12):757-763.

• Strategies for Surgical Approaches in Open Reduction Internal Fixation of Pilon Fractures. Assal M, Ray A, Stern R. J Orthop Trauma. 2015 Feb;29(2):69-79.

• Randomized, Prospective Comparison of Plate Versus Intramedullary Nail Fixation for Distal Tibia Shaft Fractures. Vallier HA, Cureton BA, Patterson BM. J Orthop Trauma. 2011 Dec;25(12):736-41.

• Plate Versus Nail for Distal Tibial Fractures: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Kwok CS, Crossman PT, Loizou CL. J Orthop Trauma. 2014 Sep;28(9):542-8.

• The Results of Closed Intramedullary Nailing for Intra-Articular Distal Tibial Fractures. Katsenis DL, Begkas D, Spiliopoulos G, Stamoulis D, Pogiatzis K. J Orthop Trauma. 2014 Feb;28(2):108-13.

• Does Fibular Plating Improve Alignment After Intramedullary Nailing of Distal Metaphyseal Tibia Fractures? Egol KA, Weisz R, Hiebert R, Tejwani NC, Koval KJ, Sanders RW. J Orthop Trauma. 2006 Feb;20(2):94-103.

• Proper Distal Placement of Tibial Nail Improves Rate of Malalignment for Distal Tibia Fractures. Triantafillou K, Barcak E, Villarreal A, Collinge C, Perez E. J Orthop Trauma. 2017 Dec;31(12):e407-e411.
  

TIBIAL SHAFT FRACTURES

CLASSIC

• The Use of Poller Screws as Blocking Screws in Stabilising Tibial Fractures Treated with Small Diameter Intramedullary Nails. Krettek C, Stephan C, Schandelmaier P, Richter M, Pape HC, Miclau T. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1999 Nov;81(6):963-8.

• Semiextended Position of Intramedullary Nailing of the Proximal Tibia. Tornetta P 3rd, Collins E. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1996 Jul;(328):185-9.

• Randomized Trial of Reamed and Unreamed Intramedullary Nailing of Tibial Shaft Fractures. SPRINT Investigators; Bhandari M, Guyatt G, Tornetta P III.  J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008; 90(12):2567-2578.

•  Long-Term Outcome After Tibial Shaft Fracture: Is Malunion Important? S.A. Milner, FRCS(TR & ORTH), T.R.C. Davis, FRCS, K.R. Muir, PHD, D.C. Greenwood, MSC, and M. Doherty, FRCP Journal: JBJS Volume: Vol. 84-A, No. 6, June 2002, pp 971-980

• Fractures of the Proximal Third of the Tibial Shaft Treated With Intramedullary Nails and Blocking Screws. Ricci WM, O'Boyle M, Borrelli J, Bellabarba C, Sanders R. J Orthop Trauma. 2001 May;15(4):264-70.

• Radiographic Analysis of Tibial Fracture Malalignment Following Intramedullary Nailing. Freedman EL, Johnson EE. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1995 Jun;(315):25-33.

• A Technique for Intramedullary Nailing of Proximal Third Tibia Fractures. Buehler KC, Green J, Woll TS, Duwelius PJ. J Orthop Trauma. 1997 Apr;11(3):218-23.

• Treatment of Closed Tibial Fractures. Andrew H. Schmidt, MD, Christopher G. Finkemeier, MD, MBA, & Paul Tornetta III, MD Journal: JBJS Volume: Vol. 85-A, No. 2, Feb 2003, pp 351-368

CURRENT EVIDENCE

• Effect of Intrawound Vancomycin Powder in Operatively Treated High-risk Tibia Fractures: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Major Extremity Trauma Research Consortium (METRC); O'Toole RV, Joshi M, Carlini AR, Murray CK, Allen LE, Huang Y, Scharfstein DO, O'Hara NN, Gary JL, Bosse MJ, Castillo RC, Bishop JA, Weaver MJ, Firoozabadi R, Hsu JR, Karunakar MA, Seymour RB, Sims SH, Churchill C, Brennan ML, Gonzales G, Reilly RM, Zura RD, Howes CR, Mir HR, Wagstrom EA, Westberg J, Gaski GE, Kempton LB, Natoli RM, Sorkin AT, Virkus WW, Hill LC, Hymes RA, Holzman M, Malekzadeh AS, Schulman JE, Ramsey L, Cuff JAN, Haaser S, Osgood GM, Shafiq B, Laljani V, Lee OC, Krause PC, Rowe CJ, Hilliard CL, Morandi MM, Mullins A, Achor TS, Choo AM, Munz JW, Boutte SJ, Vallier HA, Breslin MA, Frisch HM, Kaufman AM, Large TM, LeCroy CM, Riggsbee C, Smith CS, Crickard CV, Phieffer LS, Sheridan E, Jones CB, Sietsema DL, Reid JS, Ringenbach K, Hayda R, Evans AR, Crisco MJ, Rivera JC, Osborn PM, Kimmel J, Stawicki SP, Nwachuku CO, Wojda TR, Rehman S, Donnelly JM, Caroom C, Jenkins MD, Boulton CL, Costales TG, LeBrun CT, Manson TT, Mascarenhas DC, Nascone JW, Pollak AN, Sciadini MF, Slobogean GP, Berger PZ, Connelly DW, Degani Y, Howe AL, Marinos DP, Montalvo RN, Reahl GB, Schoonover CD, Schroder LK, Vang S, Bergin PF, Graves ML, Russell GV, Spitler CA, Hydrick JM, Teague D, Ertl W, Hickerson LE, Moloney GB, Weinlein JC, Zelle BA, Agarwal A, Karia RA, Sathy AK, Au B, Maroto M, Sanders D, Higgins TF, Haller JM, Rothberg DL, Weiss DB, Yarboro SR, McVey ED, Lester-Ballard V, Goodspeed D, Lang GJ, Whiting PS, Siy AB, Obremskey WT, Jahangir AA, Attum B, Burgos EJ, Molina CS, Rodriguez-Buitrago A, Gajari V, Trochez KM, Halvorson JJ, Miller AN, Goodman JB, Holden MB, McAndrew CM, Gardner MJ, Ricci WM, Spraggs-Hughes A, Collins SC, Taylor TJ, Zadnik M. JAMA Surg. 2021 May 1;156(5):e207259.

• A Prospective Multi-Center Study of Intramedullary Nailing vs Casting of Stable Tibial Shaft Fractures. Obremskey WT, Cutrera N, Kidd CM; Southeastern Fracture Consortium. J Orthop Traumatol. 2017 Mar;18(1):69-76.

• Re-evaluation of Low Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound in Treatment of Tibial Fractures (TRUST): Randomized Clinical Trial. TRUST Investigators writing group, Busse JW, Bhandari M, Einhorn TA. BMJ. 2016 Oct 25;355:i5351.

• Incidence of Knee Pain Beyond 1 Year: Suprapatellar Versus Infrapatellar Approach for Intramedullary Nailing of the Tibia. Isaac M, OʼToole RV, Udogwu U, Connelly D, Baker M, Lebrun CT, Manson TT, Zomar M, OʼHara NN, Slobogean GP. J Orthop Trauma. 2019 Sep;33(9):438-442.

• Does Concurrent Tibial Intramedullary Nailing and Fibular Fixation Increase Rates of Tibial Nonunion? A Matched Cohort Study. Githens M, Haller J, Agel J, Firoozabadi R. J Orthop Trauma. 2017 Jun;31(6):316-320.

• Critical-Sized Defect in the Tibia: Is it Critical? Results From the SPRINT Trial. Sanders DW, Bhandari M, Guyatt G, et al. J Orthop Trauma. 2014;28(11):632-635.

• Prognostic Factors for Predicting Outcomes After Intramedullary Nailing of the Tibia. Schemitsch EH, Bhandari M, Guyatt G, Sanders DW, Swiontkowski M, Tornetta P, Walter SD, Zdero R, Goslings JC, Teague D, Jeray K, McKee MD. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012 Oct 3; 94(19):1786-93.

• A Prospective Multi-Center Study of Intramedullary Nailing vs Casting of Stable Tibial Shaft Fractures. Obremskey WT, Cutrera N, Kidd CM; Southeastern Fracture Consortium. J Orthop Traumatol. 2017 Mar;18(1):69-76.

• Long-Term Follow-Up of Tibial Shaft Fractures Treated With Intramedullary Nailing. Lefaivre KA, Guy P, Chan H, Blachut PA. J Orthop Trauma. 2008 Sep;22(8):525-9.

• Prevalence of Rotational Malalignment After Intramedullary Nailing of Tibial Shaft Fractures: Can We Reliably Use the Contralateral Uninjured Side as the Reference Standard? Cain ME, Hendrickx LAM, Bleeker NJ, Lambers KTA, Doornberg JN, Jaarsma RL. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2020 Apr 1;102(7):582-591.

• A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing rhBMP-2/Absorbable Collagen Sponge Versus Autograft for the Treatment of Tibia Fractures With Critical Size Defects. Major Extremity Trauma Research Consortium (METRC). J Orthop Trauma. 2019 Aug;33(8):384-391.

• Efficacy and Safety of Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2/Calcium Phosphate Matrix for Closed Tibial Diaphyseal Fracture: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Phase-II/III Trial. Lyon T, Scheele W, Bhandari M, Koval KJ, Sanchez EG, Christensen J, Valentin A, Huard F. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013 Dec 4;95(23):2088-96.

• Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 in Open Tibial Fractures. A Subgroup Analysis of Data Combined From Two Prospective Randomized Studies. Swiontkowski MF, Aro HT, Donell S, Esterhai JL, Goulet J, Jones A, Kregor PJ, Nordsletten L, Paiement G, Patel A. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006 Jun;88(6):1258-65.

• Does Concurrent Tibial Intramedullary Nailing and Fibular Fixation Increase Rates of Tibial Nonunion? A Matched Cohort Study. Githens M, Haller J, Agel J, Firoozabadi R. J Orthop Trauma. 2017 Jun;31(6):316-320.

• Incidence of Knee Pain Beyond 1 Year: Suprapatellar Versus Infrapatellar Approach for Intramedullary Nailing of the Tibia. Isaac M, OʼToole RV, Udogwu U, Connelly D, Baker M, Lebrun CT, Manson TT, Zomar M, OʼHara NN, Slobogean GP. J Orthop Trauma. 2019 Sep;33(9):438-442.

• Semiextended Intramedullary Nailing of the Tibia Using a Suprapatellar Approach: Radiographic Results and Clinical Outcomes at a Minimum of 12 Months Follow-Up. Sanders RW, DiPasquale TG, Jordan CJ, Arrington JA, Sagi HC. J Orthop Trauma. 2014 May;28(5):245-55.

• Semi-Extended Nailing of Metaphyseal Tibia Fractures: Alignment and Incidence of Postoperative Knee Pain.Ryan SP, Steen B, Tornetta P III. J Orthop Trauma. 2014;28(5):263-269.

• Intramedullary Nailing of Proximal Quarter Tibial Fractures. Sean E. Nork, MD,* David P. Barei, MD, FRCS(C),* Thomas A. Schildhauer, MD,† Julie Agel, MA,* Sarah K. Holt, MPH,* Jason L. Schrick, BS,* and Bruce J. Sangeorzan, MD* Journal: JOT Volume: Vol. 20, No. 8, Sept 2006, pp 523-528

• Intramedullary Nailing of Distal Metaphyseal Tibial Fractures. Sean E. Nork, Alexandra K. Schwartz, Julie Agel, Sarah K. Holt, Jason L. Schrick, & Robert A. Winquist Journal: JBJS Volume: Vol. 87-A, No. 6, June 2005, pp 1213-1221

• Immediate Weight Bearing as Tolerated Is Safe Following Intramedullary Fixation of Extra-articular Metaphyseal Proximal Tibia Fractures (OTA/AO 41-A). Telgheder ZL, Hill B, Huang K, Watson DT, Maxson B, Infante A, Donohue D, Shah A, Downes K, Sanders RW, Mir HR. J Orthop Trauma. 2023 Jan 1;37(1):38-43.

• Fractures of the Middle Third of the Tibia Treated with a Functional Brace. Sarmiento A, Latta LL.  Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2008;466(12):3108-3115. 

TIBIAL PLATEAU FRACTURES

CLASSIC

• High-Energy Fractures of the Tibial Plateau. Knee Function After Longer Follow-Up. Weigel DP, Marsh JL. High-energy fractures of the tibial plateau. Knee function after longer follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2002 Sep;84(9):1541-51.

• The Long-Term Functional Outcome of Operatively Treated Tibial Plateau Fractures. Stevens DG, Beharry R, McKee MD, Waddell JP, Schemitsch EH. J Orthop Trauma. 2001 Jun-Jul;15(5):312-20.

• Tibial Condylar Fractures. A Twenty-Year Follow-Up. Lansinger O, Bergman B, Körner L, Andersson GB. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1986 Jan;68(1):13-9.

• Degenerative Arthritis After Tibial Plateau Fractures. Honkonen SE. J Orthop Trauma. 1995;9(4):273-7.

• Indications for Surgical Treatment of Tibial Condyle Fractures. Honkonen SE. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1994 May;(302):199-205.

• The Tibial Plateau Fracture. The Toronto Experience 1968--1975. Schatzker J, McBroom R, Bruce D. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1979 Jan-Feb;(138):94-104.
   
• Tibial Condylar Fractures. Impairment of Knee Joint Stability as an Indication for Surgical Treatment.Rasmussen PS. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1973 Oct;55(7):1331-50.
   

CURRENT EVIDENCE

• Syndesmotic Injury in Tibial Plafond Fractures Is Associated With Worse Patient Outcomes. Christensen GV, Wheelwright JC, Rothberg DL, Higgins TF, Marchand LS, Haller JM. J Orthop Trauma. 2022 Sep 1;36(9):469-473.

• Open Reduction and Internal Fixation Compared with Circular Fixator Application for Bicondylar Tibial Plateau Fractures: Results of a Multicenter, Prospective, Randomized Clinical Trial. The Canadian Orthopaedic Trauma Society Journal: JBJS Volume: Vol. 88-A, No. 12, Dec 2006, pp 2613-2623

• Frequency and Fracture Morphology of the Posteromedial Fragment in Bicondylar Tibial Plateau Fracture Patterns. Barei DP, O'Mara TJ, Taitsman LA, Dunbar RP, Nork SE. J Orthop Trauma. 2008 Mar;22(3):176-82.

• Is Early Definitive Fixation of Bicondylar Tibial Plateau Fractures Safe? An Observational Cohort Study. Unno F, Lefaivre KA, Osterhoff G, Guy P, Broekhuyse HM, Blachut PA, OʼBrien P. J Orthop Trauma. 2017 Mar;31(3):151-157.

• Risk of Total Knee Arthroplasty After Operatively Treated Tibial Plateau Fracture: A Matched-Population-Based Cohort Study. Wasserstein D, Henry P, Paterson JM, Kreder HJ, Jenkinson R. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014 Jan 15;96(2):144-50.

• High-Energy Tibial Plateau Fractures. Eric M. Berkson, MD and Walter W. Virkus, MD Journal: JAAOS Volume: Vol. 14, No. 1, Jan 2006, pp 20-31

• Functional Outcomes of Severe Bicondylar Tibial Plateau Fractures Treated with Dual Incisions and Medial and Lateral Plates. David P. Barei, MD, FRCS(C), Sean E. Nork, MD, William J. Mills, MD, Chad P. Coles, MD, FRCS(C), M. Bradford Henley, MD, and Stephen K. Benirschke, MD Journal: JBJS Volume: Vol. 88-A, No. 8, Aug 2006, pp 1713-1721

• Open Reduction and Internal Fixation Compared With Circular Fixator Application for Bicondylar Tibial Plateau Fractures. Results of a Multicenter, Prospective, Randomized Clinical Trial. Canadian Orthopaedic Trauma Society. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006 Dec;88(12):2613-23.

• Comparative Fixation of Tibial Plateau Fractures Using a-BSMTM, a Calcium Phosphate Cement, Versus Cancellous Bone Graft. Andrew Trenholm, BSc, MD, Scott Landry, BSc(Hon), BEng, Kyle McLaughlin, BSc, Kevin J. Deluzio, PhD, Jennifer Leighton, Kelly Trask, BEng, MSc, and Ross K. Leighton, BSc, MD, FRCS(C) Journal: JOT Volume: Vol. 19, No. 10, Nov/Dec 2005, pp 698–702

• Complications Associated With Internal Fixation of High-Energy Bicondylar Tibial Plateau Fractures Utilizing a Two-Incision Technique. David P. Barei, MD, FRCS(C), Sean E. Nork, MD, William J. Mills, MD, M. Bradford Henley, MD, and Stephen K. Benirschke, MD Journal: JOT Volume: Vol. 18, No. 10, Nov/Dec 2004, pp 649-657

• Is Early Definitive Fixation of Bicondylar Tibial Plateau Fractures Safe? An Observational Cohort Study. Unno F, Lefaivre KA, Osterhoff G, Guy P, Broekhuyse HM, Blachut PA, OʼBrien P. J Orthop Trauma. 2017 Mar;31(3):151-157.

• Tibial Plateau Fracture Characteristics: Computed Tomography Mapping of Lateral, Medial, and Bicondylar Fractures. Molenaars RJ, Mellema JJ, Doornberg JN, Kloen P. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2015 Sep 16;97(18):1512-20.

• Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of the Posteromedial Tibial Plateau via the Lobenhoffer Approach. Hake ME, Goulet JA. J Orthop Trauma. 2016 Aug;30 Suppl 2:S35-6.

• Posteromedial Supine Approach for Reduction and Fixation of Medial and Bicondylar Tibial Plateau Fractures. Weil YA, Gardner MJ, Boraiah S, Helfet DL, Lorich DG. J Orthop Trauma. 2008 May-Jun;22(5):357-62.

• The Effect of Soft Tissue Injuries on Clinical Outcomes After Tibial Plateau Fracture Fixation. Warner SJ, Garner MR, Schottel PC, Fabricant PD, Thacher RR, Loftus ML, Helfet DL, Lorich DG. J Orthop Trauma. 2018 Mar;32(3):141-147.

• The Prevalence of Soft Tissue Injuries in Nonoperative Tibial Plateau Fractures as Determined by Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Lane Shepherd, Karim Abdollahi, Jackson Lee, and C. Thomas Vangsness, Jr. Journal: JOT Volume: Vol. 16, No. 9, pp 628–631, 2002

• Operatively Treated Meniscal Tears Associated With Tibial Plateau Fractures: A Report on 661 Patients. Stahl D, Serrano-Riera R, Collin K, Griffing R, Defenbaugh B, Sagi HC. J Orthop Trauma. 2015 Jul;29(7):322-4.

• Infection After Spanning External Fixation for High-Energy Tibial Plateau Fractures: Is Pin Site-Plate Overlap a Problem? Laible C, Earl-Royal E, Davidovitch R, Walsh M, Egol KA. J Orthop Trauma. 2012 Feb;26(2):92-7.

• Operative Treatment of Extra-Articular Proximal Tibial Fractures. Bhandari M, Audige L, Ellis T, Hanson B; Evidence-Based Orthopaedic Trauma Working Group. J Orthop Trauma. 2003 Sep;17(8):591-5. 

MISC

CLASSIC

• Does Early versus Delayed Spanning External Fixation Impact Complication Rates for High-energy Tibial Plateau and Plafond Fractures?. Haller JM, Holt D, Rothberg DL, Kubiak EN, Higgins TF. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2016 Jun;474(6):1436-44.

• Analysis of Single-Incision Versus Dual-Incision Fasciotomy for Tibial Fractures With Acute Compartment Syndrome. Bible JE, McClure DJ, Mir HR. J Orthop Trauma. 2013 Nov;27(11):607-11.